Improved Aluminum Adjuvants Eliciting Stronger Immune Response When Mixed with Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigens.

Adjuvants can regulate the immune response triggered by vaccines. Traditional aluminum adjuvants can induce humoral immunity, but they lack the ability to effectively induce Th1 cellular immunity, which is not conducive to the development of vaccines with improved protective effects. Aluminum adjuvants from different sources may have different physicochemical properties, and therefore, completely different immune responses can be triggered.

A New Nano Adjuvant of PF3 Used for an Enhanced Hepatitis B Vaccine.

Recombinant protein vaccines, with highly pure ingredients and good safety, are gradually replacing some attenuated and inactivated vaccines in clinical practice. However, since their low immunogenicity of the recombinant proteins, adjuvants are often needed to enhance immune response after vaccination. Aluminum adjuvant has been widely used in some vaccines for decades, it can induce strong humoral immunity, but the deficiency of cellular immunity limits its application for some vaccines.

Optical Density Value and Ratio as Novel Indexes for Nanoemulsion Sterile Filtration Process Control or Characterization.

Sterile filtration is an effective method to remove any microorganisms present during nanoemulsion preparation. However, it lacks effective control parameters. Here, we established a simple and rapid approach for the process control of nanoemulsion sterile filtration by utilizing optical density detection as a process control parameter.

Capsid Phosphorylation State and Hepadnavirus Virion Secretion.

The C-terminal domain (CTD) of hepadnavirus core protein is involved in multiple steps of viral replication. In particular, the CTD is initially phosphorylated at multiple sites to facilitate viral RNA packaging into immature nucleocapsids (NCs) and the early stage of viral DNA synthesis. For the avian hepadnavirus duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), CTD is dephosphorylated subsequently to facilitate the late stage of viral DNA synthesis and to stabilize NCs containing mature viral DNA.