Publications by authors named "Duncan Wilson"

Unlabelled: Following reactivation of a latent alphaherpesvirus infection, viral particles are assembled in neuronal cell bodies, trafficked anterogradely within axons to nerve termini, and spread to adjacent epithelial cells. The virally encoded membrane proteins US9p and the glycoprotein heterodimer gE/gI of pseudorabies virus (PRV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) play critical roles in anterograde spread, likely as a tripartite gE/gI-US9p complex. Two kinesin motors, kinesin-1 and kinesin-3, are implicated in the egress of these viruses, but how gE/gI-US9p coordinates their activities is poorly understood.

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  • - Human threadworm is a globally distributed parasite affecting over 600 million people, with serious implications for immunosuppressed individuals, yet its prevalence among Fijian migrants in the UK is largely unknown.
  • - A study involving 250 Fijian migrants in the UK revealed a significant rate of gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs), with 35.1% testing positive for threadworm and 6.8% for hookworms, based on comprehensive diagnostic methods.
  • - Findings emphasized the need for specialized parasitological testing, particularly multiplex real-time PCR (rtPCR), which proved more effective than traditional microscopy in diagnosing infections among chronic cases in this population.
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  • A significant portion of patients (1 in 10) experience epilepsy after having cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), but it's challenging to predict who will be affected.* -
  • Researchers created the DIAS3 prognostic score using clinical data from over 1,100 patients to assess the likelihood of developing post-CVT epilepsy based on six clinical variables.* -
  • The study found a range of predicted risks for post-CVT epilepsy within one and three years, with successful validation of the score confirming its effectiveness in estimating individual risk.*
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  • Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) can lead to various cerebrovascular issues, but research on sex differences in SVD is limited.
  • This study analyzed data from over 20,000 patients with acute ischemic stroke to examine whether the presence and severity of cerebral microbleeds (CMB) and other SVD markers differ between males and females.
  • Results showed that males had more frequent CMB while females had fewer lacunes but higher severe white matter hyperintensities, indicating distinct SVD characteristics based on sex.
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  • Patients with a heart condition called atrial fibrillation (AF) who have strokes can still be at very high risk of having more strokes, even when taking medication to prevent them.
  • Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is a special procedure aimed at helping these patients avoid future strokes.
  • A study compared two groups – one that had LAAO and one that only continued their usual medication – and found that there was still a risk of strokes in both groups over a two-year period.
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Background: Whether or not to progress from a pilot study to a definitive trial is often guided by pre-specified quantitative progression criteria with three possible outcomes. Although the choice of these progression criteria will help to determine the statistical properties of the pilot trial, there is a lack of research examining how they, or the pilot sample size, should be determined.

Methods: We review three-outcome trial designs originally proposed in the phase II oncology setting and extend these to the case of external pilots, proposing a unified framework based on univariate hypothesis tests and the control of frequentist error rates.

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Biomimicry applications in different domains, from material science to technology, have proven to be promising in inspiring innovative solutions for present-day challenges. However, biomimetic applications in the built environment face several barriers including the absence of biological knowledge of architects and planners and the lack of an adequate common means to transfer biomimetic concepts into strategies applicable in the urban context. This review aims to create a multidimensional relational database of biomimetic strategies from successful precedent case studies in the built environment across different city systems and on different application scales.

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Background: Mucormycosis is an aggressive, invasive fungal infection caused by moulds in the order Mucorales. Early diagnosis is key to improving patient prognosis, yet relies on insensitive culture or non-specific histopathology. A pan-Mucorales specific monoclonal antibody (mAb), TG11, was recently developed.

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Introduction: Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects a significant number of military personnel, primarily because of physical impact, vehicle incidents, and blast exposure. Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is the most common symptom reported following mild TBI and can persist for several years. However, the current International Classification of Headache Disorders lacks phenotypic characterization for this specific headache disorder.

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Host recognition of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), β-1,3-glucan, plays a major role in antifungal immunity. β-1,3-glucan is an essential component of the inner cell wall of the opportunistic pathogen . Most β-1,3-glucan is shielded by the outer cell wall layer of mannan fibrils, but some can become exposed at the cell surface.

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  • - Human fungal infections, often overlooked in research, account for over 1.5 million deaths annually, and recent studies have shed light on the complex interactions between fungi and their human hosts.
  • - Researchers are uncovering how fungi evade the immune system and contribute to serious health issues, while simultaneously highlighting emerging antifungal drug resistance as a significant threat.
  • - The review emphasizes the need for more effective immunotherapeutic strategies, while also addressing future challenges such as drug resistance and new pathogens emerging due to advancements in medicine.
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Background: The relationship between baseline perihematomal edema (PHE) and inflammation, and their impact on survival after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are not well understood.

Objective: Assess the association between baseline PHE, baseline C-reactive protein (CRP), and early death after ICH.

Methods: Analysis of pooled data from multicenter ICH registries.

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  • The study aimed to validate the SINCALC score, which predicts poor outcomes and mortality in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), using an international cohort from the ACTION-CVT study.
  • The ACTION-CVT cohort showed differences from the original International CVT Consortium, being older, having fewer females, and milder symptoms, with a mortality rate of 2.5% at 30 days and 6% at one year.
  • Results indicated the SINCALC score performed reasonably well in predicting outcomes, with AUC values suggesting its effectiveness, and further validation in diverse populations is recommended.
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  • This study looked at whether taking statins, a type of medicine, affects the chances of having a repeat stroke or bleeding in the brain for people who have certain brain issues called cerebral microbleeds (CMBs).
  • They analyzed data from many hospitals and included over 16,000 patients, dividing them into those who took statins and those who didn't.
  • The results showed that people who used statins had a lower risk of having another stroke but didn't show a clear difference in the risk of brain bleeding compared to those who didn't take statins.
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The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans thrives on human mucosal surfaces as a harmless commensal, but frequently causes infections under certain predisposing conditions. Translocation across the intestinal barrier into the bloodstream by intestine-colonizing C. albicans cells serves as the main source of disseminated candidiasis.

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Intravenous thrombolysis is not recommended in anticoagulated patients receiving direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and a recent intake within the last 48 hours in US and European guidelines. However, three observational studies now suggest safety of thrombolysis in patients with recent intake of DOACs, and thus support previous experimental data. In this perspective, the current evidence and practical consequences are discussed.

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Background: Gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) infections are a major cause of global morbidity, infecting hundreds of millions of people each year and potentially leading to lifelong infection and serious complications. Few data exist on screening for GIP infections in migrants entering the UK or on the current performance of different traditional diagnostic approaches. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of GIP infections in Nepalese Gurkha recruits screened on arrival in the UK.

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  • Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a key cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and researchers created a new MRI-based classification system, known as CADMUS, to categorize ICH subtypes associated with SVD.
  • A retrospective study analyzed data from two patient cohorts to classify ICH types based on MRI findings, assessing reliability and tracking subsequent strokes or hemorrhages.
  • The findings revealed a diverse distribution of ICH phenotypes among patients, with the CADMUS classification showing good reliability and potential for enhancing clinical and research practices in identifying SVD-related ICH types.
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  • Visible perivascular spaces (BGPVS) are linked to cerebral small vessel disease and may signal higher future stroke risk based on a large analysis of patient data.
  • The study analyzed 7,778 participants with recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), examining the relationship between BGPVS, CSOPVS, and various health factors.
  • Results indicated that a greater burden of BGPVS correlates with higher risks of ischemic stroke but not intracranial hemorrhage, while CSOPVS showed weaker associations overall.
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Candida albicans is a commensal fungus, opportunistic pathogen, and the most common cause of fungal infection in humans. The biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), a major eukaryotic glycerophospholipid, occurs through two primary pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some plants, a third PC synthesis pathway, the PC deacylation/reacylation pathway (PC-DRP), has been characterized.

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causes an estimated half-billion cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) every year. VVC is most commonly caused by , which, in this setting, triggers nonprotective neutrophil infiltration, aggressive local inflammation, and symptomatic disease. Despite its prevalence, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underpinning the immunopathology of this fungal infection.

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Objective: To identify ECG changes in sinus rhythm that may be used to predict subsequent development of new AF.

Method: We identified prospective and retrospective cohort or case control studies evaluating ECG patterns from a 12-lead ECG in sinus rhythm taken in hospital or community predicting subsequent development of new AF. For each identified ECG predictor, we then identify absolute event rates and pooled risk ratios (RR) using an aggregate level random effects meta-analysis.

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Background: Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a severe clinical consequence of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), but associations between renal impairment and SVD in patients with ICH have not been fully characterised.

Methods: Using data from the CROMIS-2 ICH observational study, we compared SVD neuroimaging markers and total burden (score 0-3) identified using CT brain imaging in patients with and without renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR<60). We assessed functional outcome at 6-month follow-up using the modified Rankin scale.

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