Monitoring autophagy using super-resolution structured illumination and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy.

Autophagy is a major protein degradation pathway responsible for the removal of primarily long-lived and misfolded proteins, contributing to cellular homeostasis. Autophagy dysfunction has been associated with the onset of various human pathologies. Visualizing key proteins that govern autophagy pathway activity, the molecular machinery and cargo is essential to elucidate roles and mechanisms of autophagy function.

Synthesis and Cell Interaction of Statistical l-Arginine-Glycine-l-Aspartic Acid Terpolypeptides.

Copolymerizations and terpolymerizations of N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) of glycine (Gly), N-carbobenzyloxy-l-ornithine (Z-Orn), and β-benzyl-l-aspartate (Bz-Asp) were investigated. In situ H NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor individual comonomer consumptions during binary and ternary copolymerizations. The six relevant reactivity ratios were determined from copolymerizations of the NCAs of amino acids via nonlinear least-squares curve fitting.

New Insights Into Autophagy Dysfunction Related to Amyloid Beta Toxicity and Neuropathology in Alzheimer's Disease.

The fine control of neuronal proteostasis is an essential element that preserves cell viability. Advancing age is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and autophagy is thought to dictate normal and pathological aging through intricate molecular machinery controlling protein aggregation. Although the role of autophagy dysfunction in AD is known, the dynamic changes during the progression of the disease remain unclear.

Autophagic flux control in neurodegeneration: Progress and precision targeting-Where do we stand?

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by the presence of cytoplasmic and nuclear protein aggregates that result in toxicity and neuronal cell death. Autophagy is a physiological cellular process that engulfs primarily long-lived proteins as well as protein aggregates with subsequent cargo delivery for lysosomal degradation. The rate at which the material is degraded through autophagy is referred to as autophagic flux.