HPV vaccination of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in sexual health and HIV clinics in England: vaccination uptake and attendances during the pilot phase.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) aged up to 45 years attending sexual health clinics (SHC) and HIV clinics began in England as a pilot in June 2016, with national roll-out from April 2018. The recommended course is three doses of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine over one to 2 years. We present the methodology and results of monitoring vaccination uptake (initiation and completion), and attendance patterns, during the pilot phase.

100 years of STIs in the UK: a review of national surveillance data.

Objectives: The 1916 Royal Commission on Venereal Diseases was established in response to epidemics of syphilis and gonorrhoea in the UK. In the 100 years since the Venereal Diseases Act (1917), the UK has experienced substantial scientific, economic and demographic changes. We describe historical and recent trends in STIs in the UK.

Prevalence and characteristics of gastrointestinal infections in men who have sex with men diagnosed with rectal chlamydia infection in the UK: an 'unlinked anonymous' cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Gastrointestinal infections (GII) can cause serious ill health and morbidity. Although primarily transmitted through faecal contamination of food or water, transmission through sexual activity is well described, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods: We investigated the prevalence of GIIs among a convenience sample of MSM who were consecutively diagnosed with rectal (CT) at 12 UK genitourinary medicine clinics during 10 weeks in 2012.

Filling in the gaps: estimating numbers of chlamydia tests and diagnoses by age group and sex before and during the implementation of the English National Screening Programme, 2000 to 2012.

To inform mathematical modelling of the impact of chlamydia screening in England since 2000, a complete picture of chlamydia testing is needed. Monitoring and surveillance systems evolved between 2000 and 2012. Since 2012, data on publicly funded chlamydia tests and diagnoses have been collected nationally.

Increase in Sexually Transmitted Infections among Men Who Have Sex with Men, England, 2014.

Surveillance data from sexual health clinics indicate recent increases in sexually transmitted infections, particularly among men who have sex with men. The largest annual increase in syphilis diagnoses in a decade was reported in 2014. Less condom use may be the primary reason for these increases.

Improving surveillance of sexually transmitted infections using mandatory electronic clinical reporting: the genitourinary medicine clinic activity dataset, England, 2009 to 2013.

A new electronic surveillance system for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was introduced in England in 2009. The genitourinary medicine clinic activity dataset (GUMCAD) is a mandatory, disaggregated, pseudo-anonymised data return submitted by all STI clinics across England. The dataset includes information on all STI diagnoses made and services provided alongside demographic characteristics for every patient attendance at a clinic.

Screening for gonorrhoea using samples collected through the English national chlamydia screening programme and risk of false positives: a national survey of local authorities.

Objectives: To investigate use of dual tests for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae on samples collected through the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) in England.

Design And Setting: During May-July 2013, we delivered an online survey to commissioners of sexual health services in the 152 upper-tier English Local Authorities (LAs) who were responsible for commissioning chlamydia screening in people aged 15-24 years.

Main Outcome Measures: (1) The proportion of English LAs using dual tests on samples collected by the NCSP; (2) The estimated number of gonorrhoea tests and false positives from samples collected by the NCSP, calculated using national surveillance data on the number of chlamydia tests performed, assuming the gonorrhoea prevalence to range between 0.

Rapid increase in gonorrhoea and syphilis diagnoses in England in 2011.

There has been a rapid rise in the number of gonorrhoea and syphilis diagnoses in England during 2011, an increase of 25% and 10% respectively. Large increases of both gonorrhoea (61%) and syphilis (28%) were observed among men who have sex with men. Although these rises can partly be attributed to increased testing, ongoing high-levels of unsafe sexual behaviour probably contributed to the rise.

Evaluation of the reproductive effects of tamoxifen citrate in partial and full life-cycle studies using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).

Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate potential adverse effects on development, growth, reproduction and biomarker responses (vitellogenin [VTG] and gonad histology) in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to tamoxifen citrate. Based on the results of a partial life cycle study (nominal [mean measured] concentrations ranged from 0.18 [0.

Development of chronic tests for endocrine active chemicals. Part 1. An extended fish early-life stage test for oestrogenic active chemicals in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).

An extended early-life stage test (based on OECD test guideline 210) was developed to allow the evaluation of a weak environmental oestrogen, 4-tert-pentyphenol (4TPP), on sexual differentiation and gonadal development. Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos were exposed to three concentrations of 4TPP (56, 180 and 560 microg l(-1)) in a flow-through system, at 25+/-1 degrees C, for <107 days post-hatch (dph). In addition, some embryos were exposed to 180 microg 4TPPl(-1) until 30 or 60 dph, after which they were exposed to dilution water only until 107 dph.

Re-evaluation of archival material for neuronal cell injury produced by L-2-chloropropionic acid in the rat brain.

Previous studies have shown that L-2-chloropropionic acid (L-CPA) produces necrosis to cerebellar granule cells with some associated Purkinje cell damage in the rat. We have re-evaluated the neuropathology using the original sections and fresh sections from archived brain material from rats treated with L-CPA at different ages, times after dosing and the following prior treatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801. In addition we have determined the lobular distribution of cerebellar granule cell necrosis produced by L-CPA.

2-Halopropionic acid-induced cerebellar granule cell necrosis in the rat: in vivo and in vitro studies.

Daily oral administration of 2.3 mmol/kg L-2-chloropropionic acid (L-2-CPA), DL-2-bromopropionic acid (2-BPA) or DL-2-iodopropionic acid (2-/PA) but not DL-2-fluoropropionic acid (2-FPA) produced cerebellar granule cell necrosis in the rat. Twenty four hours after three doses of L-2-CPA or two doses of 2-BPA, animals showed clinical signs of motor incoordination and reduced hindlimb function which was associated with marked cerebellar oedema and cerebellar granule cell necrosis.

The effect of postnatal age on L-2-chloropropionic acid-induced cerebellar granule cell necrosis in the rat.

L-2-Chloropropionic acid (L-2-CPA) selectively damages the cerebellum in adult rats. The rat cerebellum continues to develop postnatally during the first 4 weeks of life. In this study we examined the neurotoxic effect on rats of increasing postnatal age.

The absence of cerebellar granule cell necrosis in the mouse following L-2-chloropropionic acid administration.

Oral administration of L-2-chloropropionic acid (L-CPA) to rats either as a single dose (750 mg/kg) or daily doses (250 mg/kg per day for 3 days) produces selective necrosis to the granule cell layer of the cerebellum. As part of a study to understand the mechanism of this selective toxicity, we investigated the toxicity of L-CPA and a related analogue, DL-2-bromopropionic acid to the mouse with particular emphasis on the brain. Following a single oral dose (up to 1000 mg/kg), or daily oral doses of 250 mg/kg per day L-CPA up to maximum tolerated doses, produced no evidence of neurotoxicity.

Morphometric analysis of the developing rat brain.

In 2 studies, a method of linear morphometry was applied to regulatory developmental neurotoxicity studies in the rat. The first study involved the development of the brain during postnatal days (PNDs) 7-63, and the second involved the effects of 8 mg/kg i.p.

Neuroprotection afforded by MK-801 against L-2-chloropropionic acid-induced cerebellar granule cell necrosis in the rat.

Administration of a single oral dose of 750 mg/kg L-2-chloropropionic acid (L-CPA) to rats produces marked necrosis to the granule cell layer of the cerebellum by 48 h after dosing. Associated with the neuropathology the rats show locomotor impairment and a loss of body weight and a significant increase in cerebellar water and sodium content, indicating an oedematous reaction. Cerebellar aspartate and glutamate concentrations were reduced, while glycine and glutamine concentrations were increased after this treatment.

Spastic syndrome in a Holstein bull: a histologic study.

A 4-year-old Canadian holstein bull developed the spastic syndrome, an episodic but progressive disorder causing pelvic limb muscular spasms. A post-mortem study, including morphometry of skeletal muscles and teased peripheral nerve fibers of the pelvic limb, revealed mild type II skeletal muscle fiber atrophy and minimal, focal segmental demyelination with remyelination, and axonal degeneration in peripheral nerves. Such alterations are probably incidental or age-associated.

Experimental microcyst sarcocystis infection in lambs: pathology.

Six 34- to 42-day-old lambs raised in coccidia-free conditions were inoculated with 70,000 sporocysts derived from sheep heart with microscopic sarcocysts. Fever and mild anorexia occurred between 25 and 33 days after inoculation. A transient anaemia was most marked 32 days after inoculation.

'Kangaroo gait' in ewes: a peripheral neuropathy.

The clinical and pathological features of two lactating ewes with 'kangaroo gait', a locomotory disorder, are described, along with brief details of two further archival cases. Clinical neuropathological signs were consistent with a bilateral radial paresis and pathologically there was a polyneuropathy with preferential severe involvement of radial nerves. Flock incidence of the condition is low and previous experience suggests the clinical disorder is not progressive, recovery occurring at the end of lactation.

Neuraxial oedema of Hereford calves with and without hypomyelinogenesis.

The clinical and pathological features of 11 Hereford calves with neuraxial oedema with and without hypomyelinogenesis are described. Calves were affected at birth, recumbent and showed intermittent extensor spasm and hyperaesthesia. Nystagmus was noted in six cases.

Skeletal abnormality of sheep: clinical radiological and pathological account of occurrence of dwarf lambs.

Details are given of the clinical, radiological and pathological appearance of dwarf lambs. Twenty-seven of 110 lambs born were affected, occurring as singletons, twins or one of a pair of twins. All affected lambs were dead within a few minutes of birth.