[Not Available].

The law of bioethics defines the judicial framework for governing medical practices and research involving the human body and the embryo. Does any scientific or technologic innovation warrant a modification of the law? To respond to this question, a preliminary reflection is necessary so as to define new equilibria which respect ethical principles, the promotion of solidarity with respect for the autonomy of each person.The CCNE is charged with organizing public debate, in the form of a general assembly of bioethics, with the support of regional spaces of ethical reflection.

[Not Available].

The law of bioethics defines the judicial framework for governing medical practices and research involving the human body and the embryo. Does any scientific or technologic innovation warrant a modification of the law? To respond to this question, a preliminary reflection is necessary so as to define new equilibria which respect ethical principles, the promotion of solidarity with respect for the autonomy of each person.The CCNE is charged with organizing public debate, in the form of a general assembly of bioethics, with the support of regional spaces of ethical reflection.

[Ethical issues of vaccination against Sars-CoV-2].

As a tool for public health, the vaccination policy is based on the analysis of benefits and risks. Thus, the National Consultative Ethics Committee has been at the heart of the orientations taken in terms of the deployment of the vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, by contributing its reflections on the associated ethical issues.

The Contribution of Intestinal Gluconeogenesis to Glucose Homeostasis Is Low in 2-Day-Old Pigs.

Active gluconeogenesis is essential to maintain blood glucose concentrations in neonatal piglets because of the high glucose requirements after birth. In several adult mammals, the liver, kidney, and possibly the gut may exhibit gluconeogenesis during fasting and insulinopenic conditions. During the postnatal period, the intestine expresses all of the gluconeogenic enzymes, suggesting the potential for gluconeogenesis.

Oleate metabolism in pig enterocytes is characterized by an increased oxidation rate in the presence of a high esterification rate within two days after birth.

Oleate (OLE) is the principle fatty acid (FA) in mammalian colostrum, but its role in the energy supply in enterocytes after birth remains unknown. We investigated the metabolic fate of OLE in pig enterocytes at birth (d0) and after 2 d of suckling (d2). Cellular TG and phospholipids (PL) and FA composition were analyzed.

Microbiota matures colonic epithelium through a coordinated induction of cell cycle-related proteins in gnotobiotic rat.

Previous studies have suggested that intestinal microbiota modulates colonic epithelium renewal. The objective of our work was to study the effects of microbiota on colonic epithelium structure and cell cycle-related proteins by using gnotobiotic rats. Colonic crypts and amount of cell cycle-related proteins were compared between germ-free (GF), conventional (CV), and conventionalized rats by histochemistry and Western blot.

Apple proanthocyanidins do not reduce the induction of preneoplastic lesions in the colon of rats associated with human microbiota.

Since the gut microbiota metabolizes various dietary constituents unabsorbed by the small intestine and modulates colon function, it plays an essential role in colon carcinogenesis. First, we have developed a model of human microbiota-associated rats (HMA), fed a human-type diet and injected with 1-2,dimethylhydrazine (DMH). We observed that the number and size of DMH-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) were significantly higher in HMA rats than in germ-free or conventional rats.

Drastic changes in fecal and mucosa-associated microbiota in adult patients with short bowel syndrome.

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is observed in Humans after a large resection of gut. Since the remnant colon and its associated microbiota play a major role in the outcome of patients with SBS, we studied the overall qualitative and quantitative microbiota composition of SBS adult patients compared to controls. The population was composed of 11 SBS type II patients (with a jejuno-colonic anastomosis) and 8 controls without intestinal pathology.

Morphological adaptation with preserved proliferation/transporter content in the colon of patients with short bowel syndrome.

In short bowel syndrome (SBS), although a remaining colon improves patient outcome, there is no direct evidence of a mucosal colonic adaptation in humans. This prospective study evaluates morphology, proliferation status, and transporter expression level in the epithelium of the remaining colon of adult patients compared with controls. The targeted transporters were Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE2 and 3) and oligopeptide transporter (PepT1).

In vivo treatment by diallyl disulfide increases histone acetylation in rat colonocytes.

Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is an organosulfur compound from garlic which exhibits various anticarcinogenic properties including inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. DADS antiproliferative effects were previously associated with an increase in histone acetylation in two human tumor colon cell lines, suggesting that DADS-induced histone hyperacetylation could be one of the mechanisms involved in its protective properties on colon carcinogenesis. The effects of DADS on histone H4 and H3 acetylation levels were investigated in vivo in colonocytes isolated from non-tumoral rat.

Diallyl disulfide increases CDKN1A promoter-associated histone acetylation in human colon tumor cell lines.

Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is an organosulfur compound from garlic, which inhibits colon tumor cell proliferation. In a previous study, we have shown that in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells DADS (200 microM) increases global histone acetylation, CDKN1A mRNA, and p21(waf1) protein levels and induces G2/M cell cycle arrest. These results suggested that DADS could inhibit cell proliferation through at least in part a transcriptional activation of CDKN1A expression involving histone acetylation.

Different activation patterns of rat xenobiotic metabolism genes by two constituents of garlic.

Diallyl sulfide (DAS) and diallyl disulfide (DADS) are natural components that could account for the anticarcinogenic properties of garlic, at least in part, through the activation of xenobiotic detoxifying metabolism. The aim of this work was to describe the effect of DAS and DADS on xenobiotic-related gene expressions and to study molecular mechanisms relaying DAS effect. We describe the different effects of DAS and DADS on hepatic CYP2B1/2, CYP3A and epoxide hydrolase (EpH) mRNAs in rats, in terms of activation profile, doses and kinetics.

[Dietary fatty acids and cancer: potential cellular and molecular mechanisms].

Experimental evidence indicates that n-3 fatty acids, especially the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, unlike n-6 fatty acids could prevent cancer development. This survey shows that fatty acids could act through several mechanisms including the production of reactive oxygen species, the modulation of gene expression and signal transduction pathways, or the eicosanoid biosynthesis. Human genetics has underlined several polymorphisms in genes identified as possible targets of fatty acids which suggests that the link between nutritional intake and cancer prevention, especially the eventual anti-carcinogenic effects of n-3 fatty acids, depends on the genetic background.

Repetitive treatments of colon HT-29 cells with diallyl disulfide induce a prolonged hyperacetylation of histone H3 K14.

Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a sulfur compound derived from garlic. Several studies carried out in rodents have revealed protective effects of DADS against colon carcinogenesis. The antipromoting effects of DADS may be partly related to its ability to inhibit tumoral cell proliferation.

Enterocyte metabolism during early adaptation after extensive intestinal resection in a rat model.

Objective: A better knowledge of intestinal adaptation after resection is required to improve the nutritional support that is given to patients. The aim of this study was to understand the metabolic changes underlying early adaptation after massive intestinal resection.

Methods: Rats were assigned to either 80% intestinal resection or transection.

Diallyl disulfide (DADS) increases histone acetylation and p21(waf1/cip1) expression in human colon tumor cell lines.

Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a naturally occurring organosulfur compound, from garlic, which exerts pleiotropic biological effects. In rodents, DADS inhibits colon chemically induced carcinogenesis. DADS anti-promoting effect may partly result from its ability to inhibit tumoral cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro.

Expression of mitochondrial HMGCoA synthase and glutaminase in the colonic mucosa is modulated by bacterial species.

The expression of the colonic mitochondrial 3-hydroxy 3-methyl glutaryl CoA (mHMGCoA) synthase, a key control site of ketogenesis from butyrate, is lower in germ-free (GF) than in conventional (CV) rats. In contrast, the activity of glutaminase is higher. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the intestinal flora can affect gene expression through short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and butyrate production.

Luminal fermentation and colonocyte metabolism in a rat model of enteral nutrition.

Large intestinal fermentation and nutrient metabolism in colonocytes were investigated in a rat model of enteral feeding. Male Wistar rats (240-280 g) were submitted to 7 or 14 days of treatment: intragastric feeding (elemental formula) versus oral feeding (isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet, containing 5% purified cellulose) in the control group. Fermentation products and bacterial populations were analyzed in cecal contents.

Diallyl disulfide increases rat h-ferritin, L-ferritin and transferrin receptor genes in vitro in hepatic cells and in vivo in liver.

Of the oil-soluble organosulfur compounds derived from garlic, diallyl disulfide (DADS) is one of the most abundant. We examined the effect of DADS on gene expression in rat liver. By suppressive subtractive hybridization, we identified the heavy (H)-ferritin gene as a DADS-stimulated gene in the rat liver epithelial (REL) cells.

Colonic delivery of sodium butyrate via oral route: acrylic coating design of pellets and in vivo evaluation in rats.

Few pharmaceutical studies, with the exception of those on rectal solutions, are described on short chain fatty acid (SCFA) formulations-especially for sodium butyrate, which is a colonocyte preferential substrate. Highly dosed butyrate pellets (90%) were prepared and their coating was designed for colonic delivery. In vivo determination (pH and transit time of pellets in rats) allowed to respectively choose the grade and thickness (resistance of 6 h) of the pH-dependent coating (Eudragi L+S, 1:1).

Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in colon biopsies from inflammatory areas: correlation with inflammation intensity in patients with ulcerative colitis but not with Crohn's disease.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities are responsible for the enzymatic conversion of L-arginine into NO and L-citrulline. Relatively low amounts of NO are produced in intestinal epithelial cells or are released from nerve endings. The effects of NO production are related to the maintenance of epithelial integrity and permeability.