Cohesin complex oligomerization maintains end-tethering at DNA double-strand breaks.

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) must be repaired to ensure genome stability. Crucially, DSB-ends must be kept together for timely repair. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two pathways mediate DSB end-tethering.

Induced membrane technique for malignant bone tumours of the humerus.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to report on mid- to long-term results following large humeral tumoral resection and reconstruction with the induced-membrane technique in skeletally immature patients suffering from primary malignant bone tumours.

Methods: A retrospective analysis identified all children who underwent the two stages of a humeral reconstruction using the induced-membrane technique for primary malignant humerus tumours between 2002 and 2020. Functional assessment was conducted by an independent observer using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scoring system for the upper limb.

The carbon footprint of external beam radiotherapy and its impact in health technology assessment.

Background: The major drivers of carbon dioxide (COeq) emissions of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) are not well known and limit our ability to initiate mitigation strategies.

Material And Methods: We describe the carbon footprint of four typical centers. We explore direct EBRT associated factors such as the impact of fractionation and use of MRI-LINAC, as well as indirect factors (e.

Reconstruction with antibiotic loaded single-side gore-tex "Tartine" methyl-methacrylate cementoplasty for pediatric chest wall reconstruction: A 10-case series.

Introduction: Chest wall reconstruction in children after large resection of tumors may be performed with rigid or soft materials. Cementoplasty is commonly used with the "Sandwich" method i.e.

Animal board invited review: Improving animal health and welfare in the transition of livestock farming systems: Towards social acceptability and sustainability.

The need to integrate more clearly societal expectations on livestock farming has led the authors of this article to consider that livestock farming systems must be redesigned to position health and welfare at the heart of their objectives. This article proposes a vision of the advances in knowledge required at different scales to contribute to this transformation. After defining health and welfare of animals, the article emphasises the need to consider health in a broader perspective, to deepen the question of positive emotional experiences regarding welfare, and raises the question of how to assess these two elements on farms.

Arthroscopic Suture-Saucerization of Discoid Meniscus Allows Volume Conservation but Does Not Fully Restore Coverage.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of meniscoplasty suture-saucerization on volume and surface coverage of lateral discoid menisci.

Methods: This retrospective study included all consecutive 10 patients treated between 2014 and 2019 who had magnetic resonance imaging before and after surgery and 15 controls. The MITK 3M3 semiautomatic software was used to segment the meniscus and cartilage before and after surgery to measure the percentage of meniscus coverage on the tibial cartilage.

Insights on the carbon footprint of radiotherapy in France.

The French healthcare system is responsible for 8% of the national footprint. Achieving a net zero emissions scenario will require a 4-5 fold decrease of carbon emissions in the coming years. The carbon footprint of radiation therapy has not been specifically studied to date.

Synaptotagmin-1-dependent phasic axonal dopamine release is dispensable for basic motor behaviors in mice.

In Parkinson's disease (PD), motor dysfunctions only become apparent after extensive loss of DA innervation. This resilience has been hypothesized to be due to the ability of many motor behaviors to be sustained through a diffuse basal tone of DA; but experimental evidence for this is limited. Here we show that conditional deletion of the calcium sensor synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) in DA neurons (Syt1 cKO mice) abrogates most activity-dependent axonal DA release in the striatum and mesencephalon, leaving somatodendritic (STD) DA release intact.

Conditional deletion of neurexins dysregulates neurotransmission from dopamine neurons.

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are key regulators of basal ganglia functions. The axonal domain of these neurons is highly complex, with a large subset of non-synaptic release sites and a smaller subset of synaptic terminals from which in addition to DA, glutamate or GABA are also released. The molecular mechanisms regulating the connectivity of DA neurons and their neurochemical identity are unknown.

Hybrid extracellular vesicles for drug delivery.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are expected to serve as interesting drug delivery vectors as they may offer unique and new properties for drug delivery. Their natural origin, protein and nucleic acid composition, and intrinsic pleiotropic therapeutic effects could enable new possibilities in the field of drug delivery. Here, we aimed to review the methods used to produce Hybrid EVs, a recently emerged type of EV-based vector made from both EVs and synthetic vectors to exploit their respective properties.

Epiphyseal-sparing biological reconstruction of bone sarcoma in children: Focus on articular function and growth.

Introduction: Epiphyseal preservation surgery and biological reconstruction after resection of metaphyseal bone sarcoma in children is a surgical challenge which can only be justified if future joint function is maintained.

Hypothesis: The main hypothesis of this work was that long-term function was maintained. The secondary hypotheses were that local control of the disease and growth restoration were achieved, at the cost of an acceptable number of complications.

A participatory approach for building ex ante impact pathways towards a prudent use of antimicrobials in pig and poultry sectors in France.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat responsible for 700,000 deaths per year worldwide. There is scientific evidence of the causal relationship between antimicrobial use (AMU) along the food chain and AMR. Improving AMU in livestock is therefore a key component in the fight against AMR.

Towards a Better Use of Antimicrobials on Farms: Insights from a Participatory Approach in the French Pig and Poultry Sectors.

Despite the strong decrease in antimicrobial use in the French poultry and pig sectors over the last decade, room for improvement remains. A participatory approach was set up in France, involving representatives of veterinarians, the pig and poultry industries, technical institutes, the French Ministry of Agriculture, and researchers, to further improve how antimicrobials are used on farms. By successively defining a shared, long-term vision of future antimicrobial use on farms, identifying lock-in mechanisms impeding this future vision from being realized, and articulating practical questions on how to move in the desired direction, the group rapidly reached a consensus.

Implication of synaptotagmins 4 and 7 in activity-dependent somatodendritic dopamine release in the ventral midbrain.

Dopamine (DA) neurons can release DA not just from axon terminals, but also from their somatodendritic (STD) compartment through a mechanism that is still incompletely understood. Using voltammetry in mouse mesencephalic brain slices, we find that STD DA release has low capacity and shows a calcium sensitivity that is comparable to that of axonal release. We find that the molecular mechanism of STD DA release differs from axonal release with regard to the implication of synaptotagmin (Syt) calcium sensors.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Africa-How to Relieve the Burden on Family Farmers.

Although currently available data indicate that Africa has the lowest usage of antimicrobials in animals in the world (adjusted by animal biomass), data show a high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens isolated from animals and animal products. Apart from the lack of solid data on antimicrobial use in many countries in Africa, different hypotheses could explain this situation. Qualitative interviews of farmers show a lack of knowledge and uninformed use of antimicrobials.

Neonatal 6-OHDA lesion of the SNc induces striatal compensatory sprouting from surviving SNc dopaminergic neurons without VTA contribution.

Dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) are uniquely vulnerable to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). We hypothesize that their large axonal arbor is a key factor underlying their vulnerability, due to increased bioenergetic, proteostatic and oxidative stress. In keeping with this model, other DAergic populations with smaller axonal arbors are mostly spared during the course of PD and are more resistant to experimental lesions in animal models.

Dopaminergic neurons establish a distinctive axonal arbor with a majority of non-synaptic terminals.

Chemical neurotransmission typically occurs through synapses. Previous ultrastructural examinations of monoamine neuron axon terminals often failed to identify a pre- and postsynaptic coupling, leading to the concept of "volume" transmission. Whether this results from intrinsic properties of these neurons remains undefined.

Global formal live poultry and hatching egg trade network (2004-2016): description and association with poultry disease reporting and presence.

As international trade constitutes one of the main spread pathways of diseases, a better understanding of the trade behaviors of countries will help identify strengths and areas for improvement in the approach of national authorities to controlling poultry diseases globally. Using data reported to the United Nations Comtrade and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) between 2004 and 2016 by 193 countries, we used a network analysis on trade data of poultry hatching eggs, live poultry of less than 185 g and live poultry of 185 g or more to determine that: 1) quantities traded between countries are substantial, and tend to increase (average increase of 800,000 poultry heads and 21,000 tons of hatching eggs each year equivalent to an increase by 2-fold in 17 yr); 2) the stability of the networks was low (a quarter to half of trade relationships maintained between 2 consecutive years) and the subnetworks favorable to the spread of diseases were in general consistent with regional clustering, trade exchanges being equally at intracontinental and intercontinental levels; 3) countries with highest number of partners were located in the same world regions for the 3 poultry networks - Americas and Europe for export (up to 107 partners) and Africa, Asia and Europe for import (up to 36 partners); 4) for live poultry, biggest exporting countries shared more poultry disease surveillance data, and reported more disease presence than others, which did not stop them from trading. Biggest importers reported less poultry disease surveillance data and reported more disease presence than others; and 5) the main structural and trend characteristics of the international trade networks were in general similar for the 3 networks.

The meiosis-specific MEIOB-SPATA22 complex cooperates with RPA to form a compacted mixed MEIOB/SPATA22/RPA/ssDNA complex.

During meiosis, programmed double-strand breaks are repaired by homologous recombination (HR) to form crossovers that are essential to homologous chromosome segregation. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) containing intermediates are key features of HR, which must be highly regulated. RPA, the ubiquitous ssDNA binding complex, was thought to play similar roles during mitotic and meiotic HR until the recent discovery of MEIOB and its partner, SPATA22, two essential meiosis-specific proteins.

A Role for the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 Complex in Gene Expression and Chromosome Organization.

Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX) is a highly conserved complex with key roles in various aspects of DNA repair. Here, we report a new function for MRX in limiting transcription in budding yeast. We show that MRX interacts physically and colocalizes on chromatin with the transcriptional co-regulator Mediator.

Transition Pathways Toward the Prudent Use of Antimicrobials: The Case of Free-Range Broiler Farmers in France.

Reducing antimicrobial use (AMU) on farms is key for controlling the rise of resistant bacteria that have the potential capacity to infect humans direct animal contact or the food chain or the environment. To reduce AMU, antimicrobials must be used in a prudent and rational manner. Extensive efforts have been made recently to identify the cognitive and behavioral barriers to the appropriate use of antimicrobials by various livestock sector stakeholders.