[The humanization of medical education: publications review].

The humanization of medical education is targeted at integration of humanitarian values and approaches into system of education of medical personnel to improve their professional and personal training. This process includes education in medical ethics, development of communication skills, stress management and implementation of humanitarian disciplines into the curriculum. The humanization contributes into formation of empathy, responsibility and professionalism in future physicians that helps to better understand and consider psychological, social and emotional needs of patients.

[Social networks as a space of communication on health issues].

Social media is bringing a new dimension to healthcare as it offers an environment through which the public, patients, and healthcare professionals can report health issues with the possibility of potentially improving health outcomes. Social networks are a powerful tool that ensures cooperation between users and is a mechanism of social interaction for a wide range of people. Although the use of social networks for communication in the field of health has a number of advantages, the exchange of information must be monitored for quality and reliability, as well as to preserve the confidentiality of users.

The Experience of Using Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Severe Recurrent Cholangitis in Children with Biliary Atresia after Kasai Surgery.

This article describes the experience of application of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in the complex therapy of severe recurrent cholangitis in 2 children with biliary atresia after Kasai surgery. In both children, hepatic cellular insufficiency and portal hypertension developed against the background of long-term inflammatory process poorly controlled by standard therapy, which was the indication for liver transplantation. During the course of mesenchymal stromal cells therapy, the relief of the inflammatory process and functional recovery of the liver were achieved.

[POPULARIZATION OF TOURISM, HEALTHY LIFESTYLE, PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL ACTIVITY IN THE PROGRAMS OF ACTIVE LONGEVITY OF SENIOR CITIZENS].

The article presents data on sports, active forms of leisure, travel among elderly Russians. An important conclusion is made that health promotion by means of active recreation and sports among senior citizens in Russia is one of the directions of active longevity policy. An overview of charitable foundations for senior citizens of the Russian Federation and their activities in promoting an active lifestyle among elderly citizens is presented.

Patho-mechanical comparative morpho-characterization of contre-coup injuries of liver by cadaveric experimental simulation for medico-legal and forensic implications.

Background: Liver is the most common organ to get injured in cases of blunt force trauma to the abdomen (BFTA). It is the 2nd commonest organ after brain to sustain injuries out of all the trauma related fatalities. However, the literature about contre-coup injuries to the liver due to BFTA is scarce in-spite of the high mortality rates seen out of injury to this particular organ.

[Histological signs of thermal damaging by electricity].

Identification of histological signs of thermal damaging by electricity. It was studied the histological picture of the electrometric and changes in the epidermis and dermis in the area of exposure to a red-hot metal object. The same type of microscopic changes in the skin have been revealed: in the central zone of damage there were coagulation necrosis and homogenization, as well as the porous tissue structure formation; in the peripheral zone there were deformation of cells with their verticalization and the vortex figures formation.

[Morphogenesis of central and peripheral liver ruptures in blunt-force trauma].

The purpose of this study was an in depth investigation of the morphogenesis of central and peripheral liver ruptures in blunt trauma and to obtain additional information about their forensic medical significance. It has been established that central and peripheral ruptures are formed by shocks caused by very high forces, as well as by frontal compression of the body as a result of general deformation of the organ and rupture of parenchyma from stretching and tissue shearing. The surface relief of central ruptures was found to be independent of the type of external influence and was determined by the size of the rupture.

Composition of the Stabilizer and Conditions of Lyophilization for Preserving Infectious Activity of Influenza Virus.

For stabilization of vaccine preparations, they are lyophilized. The composition of the protective medium is an important parameter affecting the quality of the vaccine after drying. In view of the risk of spreading prion diseases, the use of media containing animal proteins is not recommended.

[The peculiar morphological features of the surface relief of the major local ruptures of the liver in the case of a blunt injury].

The objective of the present study was the comprehensive investigation of morphogenesis of the surface relief of the major local ruptures of the liver in the case of a blunt injury and the obtaining of an additional information on the possibility to use these data for the purposes of forensic medical expertise. We explored the reliefs of the major local ruptures of the liver in the cases of a single fatal blunt injury inflicted in a traffic accident, by kicking or a powerful stroke with the fist. In addition, the threshold hepatic lesions depending on their severity were determined experimentally.

Genotyping assay for differentiation of wild-type and vaccine viruses in subjects immunized with live attenuated influenza vaccine.

Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are considered as safe and effective tool to control influenza in different age groups, especially in young children. An important part of the LAIV safety evaluation is the detection of vaccine virus replication in the nasopharynx of the vaccinees, with special attention to a potential virus transmission to the unvaccinated close contacts. Conducting LAIV clinical trials in some geographical regions with year-round circulation of influenza viruses warrants the development of robust and reliable tools for differentiating vaccine viruses from wild-type influenza viruses in nasal pharyngeal wash (NPW) specimens of vaccinated subjects.

Enhancement of Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Metasurfaces.

It is revealed that the unique properties of ultrathin metasurface resonators can improve magnetic resonance imaging dramatically. A metasurface formed when an array of metallic wires is placed inside a scanner under the studied object and a substantial enhancement of the radio-frequency magnetic field is achieved by means of subwavelength manipulation with the metasurface, also allowing improved image resolution.

[Forensic medical characteristic of hepatic rupture in the car driver resulting from the injury inflicted inside the passenger compartment].

The objective of the present work was to study morphological changes in the ruptured liver of the car drivers resulting from the injury inflicted inside the passenger compartment. Special attention was given to the number, localization, and shape of the ruptures as well as their size and direction. It was shown that the majority of the local ruptures were located in the anterior and the adjoining parts of the liver.

Genetic stability of live attenuated vaccines against potentially pandemic influenza viruses.

Background: Ensuring genetic stability is a prerequisite for live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). This study describes the results of virus shedding and clinical isolates' testing of Phase I clinical trials of Russian LAIVs against potentially pandemic influenza viruses in healthy adults.

Methods: Three live attenuated vaccines against potentially pandemic influenza viruses, H2N2 LAIV, H5N2 LAIV and H7N3 LAIV, generated by classical reassortment in eggs, were studied.

H2N2 live attenuated influenza vaccine is safe and immunogenic for healthy adult volunteers.

H2N2 influenza viruses have not circulated in the human population since 1968, but they are still being regularly detected in the animal reservoir, suggesting their high pandemic potential. To prepare for a possible H2N2 pandemic, a number of H2N2 vaccine candidates have been generated and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Here we describe the results of a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 1 clinical trial of an H2N2 live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) candidate prepared from a human influenza virus isolated in 1966.

[The morphological characteristic of an experimental rupture of the liver for the simulation of the blunt abdominal injury].

The strength and the energy of a striking blow with a clenched fist may be as high as 300 kgf (3,000 H) and 824.4 J respectively. Pressing a human body against a hard surface leads to a deep chest deflection while the rupture of the liver is associated with a lower blow strength and energy (2,000 H and 141.

[The general and individual characteristics of the liver ruptures in the case of a blunt injury to the chest and abdomen].

The present study is based on the results of analysis of 150 cases of the fatal blunt injury to the chest and abdomen associated with liver rupture for the purpose of systematization of practical and experimental data concerning this issue. Special attention is given to the diagnostic signs of local major (primary) and additional (secondary) lesions localized at the sites of force application and their long-term consequences. The diagnostic forensic medical criteria are proposed allowing to characterize hepatic injuries depending on the mechanism and conditions of their infliction in different situations.

[Contribution of neuraminidase of influenza viruses to the sensitivity to the serum inhibitors and reassortment efficiency].

The live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) consists of reassortant viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments inherited from the circulating wild-type (WT) parental and the 6 internal protein-encoding gene segments from the cold-adapted attenuated master donor viruses (genome composition 6:2). In this study, we describe the obstacles to developing LAIV vaccine strains depending on the phenotypic peculiarities of the WT viruses used for reassortment. The genomic composition analysis of 849 reassortants revealed that over 80% of the reassortants based on the inhibitor-resistant WT viruses inherited WT NA as compared to 26% of reassortants based on the inhibitor-sensitive WT viruses.

Contribution of neuraminidase of influenza viruses to the sensitivity to sera inhibitors and reassortment efficiency.

Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) represent reassortant viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments inherited from circulating wild-type (WT) parental influenza viruses recommended for inclusion into seasonal vaccine formulation, and the 6 internal protein-encoding gene segments from cold-adapted attenuated master donor viruses (genome composition 6:2). In this study, we describe the obstacles in developing LAIV strains while taking into account the phenotypic peculiarities of WT viruses used for reassortment. Genomic composition analysis of 849 seasonal LAIV reassortants revealed that over 80% of reassortants based on inhibitor-resistant WT viruses inherited WT NA, compared to 26% of LAIV reassortants based on inhibitor-sensitive WT viruses.

[Peculiarity of reassortment of current wild type influenza viruses with master donor viruses for live influenza vaccine].

The live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) currently licensed in Russia consists of the reassortant viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments from the circulating wild-type viruses and the six internal protein-encoding gene segments from cold-adapted master donor viruses (MDV) A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) or B/USSR/60/69. Presently, only classical reassortment technique is approved for the generation of Russian LAIV strains. In this work, we describe the obstacles to the development of LAIV 6:2 vaccine strains depending on the phenotypic properties of the wild-type viruses used for reassortment.

Assessment of human immune responses to H7 avian influenza virus of pandemic potential: results from a placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind phase I study of live attenuated H7N3 influenza vaccine.

Introduction: Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are being developed to protect humans against future epidemics and pandemics. This study describes the results of a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial of cold-adapted and temperature sensitive H7N3 live attenuated influenza vaccine candidate in healthy seronegative adults.

Objective: The goal of the study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity and potential shedding and transmission of H7N3 LAIV against H7 avian influenza virus of pandemic potential.

[Characteristics of duodenal ruptures depending on topographical and anatomical properties of this organ and circumstances of blunt abdominal trauma].

We have studied specific morphological properties of duodenal rupture depending on the topographic and anatomical features of this organ and circumstances of blunt abdominal trauma suffered in a car crash (with the victim found in the passenger compartment or involved in an automobile-pedestrian accident) and a railway crash (a train-pedestrian accident) or resulting from a blunt-force trauma, a fall from height, a fall on the stomach, and traumatic compression of the body. We took into consideration the anatomical peculiarities of the duodenal rupture, such as its circular, horseshoe, and loop-like shape. The study has demonstrated that the frequency of duodenal injury associated with a blunt abdominal trauma shows a stronger dependence on the topographical and anatomical peculiarities of duodenum than on the circumstances of the case.

[Characteristic of the hepatic tissue degradation processes underlying the development of its local and distant lesions].

The processes associated with liver disruption caused by a blunt abdominal injury have been investigated on a model of continuous media deformation. It was shown that local primary injuries to the liver result from stress-induced tissue stretching, compression, and shear in the longitudinal direction. They have a layered relief due to transverse fissures.

[The morphological characteristic of hepatorrhesis in the subjects with the blunt abdominal injury].

We have elucidated certain consistent patterns of the development of hepatic lesions associated with blunt abdominal trauma including primary and secondary local and distant ruptures of the liver of different localization, e.g. in the direction of the injurious force (central and anti-shock) and apart from it (peripheral).

[The forensic medical classification of damages to the liver in the case of a blunt abdominal injury].

The present work had the objective to evaluate the existing classifications of damages to the liver associated with a blunt abdominal injury. An original forensic medical classification of hepatic lesions has been developed taking into consideration both localization and mechanisms of blunt abdominal injuries. It is proposed that such injuries should be categorized into three groups: local primary injuries developing as a result of abdominal wall deformation at the site of the application of the traumatic force; local secondary injuries developing in conjunction with the primary ones at the site of the application of the traumatic impact from the fractured costal fragments resulting from chest deformation; late post-traumatic injuries developing simultaneously with the local ones both in the direction of the traumatic force and far away from its application site as a result of the general deformation, displacement, and concussion of the organ.