Explore your experimental designs and theories before you exploit them!

In many areas of the social and behavioral sciences, the nature of the experiments and theories that best capture the underlying constructs are themselves areas of active inquiry. Integrative experiment design risks being prematurely exploitative, hindering exploration of experimental paradigms and of diverse theoretical accounts for target phenomena.

The Spread of Beliefs in Partially Modularized Communities.

Many life-influencing social networks are characterized by considerable informational isolation. People within a community are far more likely to share beliefs than people who are part of different communities. The spread of useful information across communities is impeded by echo chambers (far greater connectivity within than between communities) and filter bubbles (more influence of beliefs by connected neighbors within than between communities).

Carving joints into nature: reengineering scientific concepts in light of concept-laden evidence.

A new wave of proposals suggests that scientists must reassess scientific concepts in light of accumulated evidence. However, reengineering scientific concepts in light of data is challenging because scientific concepts affect the evidence itself in multiple ways. Among other possible influences, concepts (i) prime scientists to overemphasize within-concept similarities and between-concept differences; (ii) lead scientists to measure conceptually relevant dimensions more accurately; (iii) serve as units of scientific experimentation, communication, and theory-building; and (iv) affect the phenomena themselves.

Cognitive Science of Augmented Intelligence.

Cognitive science has been traditionally organized around the individual as the basic unit of cognition. Despite developments in areas such as communication, human-machine interaction, group behavior, and community organization, the individual-centric approach heavily dominates both cognitive research and its application. A promising direction for cognitive science is the study of augmented intelligence, or the way social and technological systems interact with and extend individual cognition.

Categorical perception meets El Greco: Categories unequally influence color perception of simultaneously present objects.

Broad empirical evidence suggests that higher-level cognitive processes, such as language, categorization, and emotion, shape human visual perception. Do these higher-level processes shape human perception of all the relevant items within an immediately available scene, or do they affect only some of them? Here, we study categorical effects on visual perception by adapting a perceptual matching task so as to minimize potential non-perceptual influences. In three experiments with human adults (N = 80; N = 80, N = 82), we found that the learned higher-level categories systematically bias human perceptual matchings away from a caricature of their typical color.

The Influences of Category Learning on Perceptual Reconstructions.

We explore different ways in which the human visual system can adapt for perceiving and categorizing the environment. There are various accounts of supervised (categorical) and unsupervised perceptual learning, and different perspectives on the functional relationship between perception and categorization. We suggest that common experimental designs are insufficient to differentiate between hypothesized perceptual learning mechanisms and reveal their possible interplay.

Colonic Adenocarcinomas Harboring NTRK Fusion Genes: A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Genetic Study of 16 Cases and Review of the Literature.

This study was undertaken to determine the frequency, and the clinicopathologic and genetic features, of colon cancers driven by neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase (NTRK) gene fusions. Of the 7008 tumors screened for NTRK expression using a pan-Trk antibody, 16 (0.23%) had Trk immunoreactivity.

Mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine carcinoma of gallbladder: case report.

Background: Mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine tumors (MINEN) of the gallbladder are extremely rare; indeed, the English expert literature reports a mere handful of case reports and case series on this topic. According to the WHO classification of 2010, MINEN are considered to be tumors consisting of two major components, neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine, each of which hosts at least 30% of the total cellular population. To date, the etiology and pathogenesis of MINEN have not been precisely determined and the non-specific symptoms generally result in late diagnosis (mainly in the terminal stages of the condition) and contribute to the generally poor prognosis.

Results of morphological screening for Lynch syndrome during the period 2013-2016.

The introduction of a screening system for Lynch syndrome in pathology laboratories in Plzen yielded 24 diagnoses of Lynch syndrome during the period of 2013-2016, 20 of them presenting with colorectal cancer. In 8 of those 24 cases germline mutations of MMR genes, previously not recognized as pathogenic with certainty, were detected. Although the frequency of Lynch syndrome in patients with colorectal cancer was only 0.

Frozen section examination of pancreas, gallbladder, extrahepatic biliary tree, liver, and gastrointestinal tract.

The main indications for intraoperative consultation of gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreatobiliary system are to evaluate the resection margin and to make a tissue diagnosis of lesions for which preoperative histology is not aviable for various reasons. Special situations include the evaluation of liver donor biopsies for the presence of steatosis and inflamation, or determination that ganglion cells are present in the bowel wall at the level where the anastomosis will be placed in case of Hirschprung's disease. The most worrisome pitfalls include differentiating pancreatic ductal carcinoma from chronic pancreatitis, distinguishing biliary tree and gallbladder carcinoma from reactive changes caused by inflammation, and recognizing the presence of diffuse adenocarcinoma at the resection margin of the esophagus and stomach.

The Impact of Immune Interaction on the Metastatic Infiltration of Colorectal Carcinoma to Lymph Nodes.

Background/aim: Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and Granzyme B play crucial roles in immune reactions against colorectal carcinoma (CRCa). The inhibitor of Granzyme B is Serpin B9. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of immunohistological parameters of TILs on the prognosis of CRCa and presence of lymph node metastasis.

[Predictive diagnostics of gastric cancer in 2018].

Anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab remains the only targeted therapy of gastric carcinoma based on histopathological predictive diagnostics used in current routine clinical practice. In the Czech Republic only the adenocarcinomas with HER2 immunohistochemical score of 3+, together with HER2 amplification detected with in situ hybridization are indicated for treatment with trastuzumab. There has been recent progress in our understanding of the molecular biology of gastric cancer, the role of its tumor microenvironment and vascular supply points to PD-1/PD-L1 and VEGFR2 as possible future targets of targeted therapy.

[Hamartoma of mature cardiac myocytes. Autopsy case report].

Hamartoma of mature cardiac myocytes (HMCM) is a rare benign pseudoneoplastic myocardial lesion. We describe a case of 39-year-old Bulgarian woman living in the Czech Republic, who died because of rupture of anterior communicating artery aneurysm, and severe bronchopneumonia. An incidental finding at the autopsy was a whitish unencapsulated and not sharply demarcated tumor of the left ventricle and adjacent area of interventricular septum, which protruded above the plane of section.

[What´s new in Ewing-like sarcoma family? Soft tissue and bone sarcomas with CIC/BCOR rearrangement. Review of the literature and first personal experience].

The literature is reviewed regarding of a rare molecularly defined group of sarcomas with rearrangement of both CIC and BCOR genes, which were originally placed into the EWSR1wt Ewing-like category. Personal experience with three cases demonstrating difficulties of this issue is added. Both groups of lesions differ not only by age and topography, but also vary in both the prognostic and the predictive parameters.

Spectrum of lesions derived from branchial arches occurring in the thyroid: from solid cell nests to tumors.

There is a group of lesions in the head and neck region derived from branchial arches and related structures which, when inflamed, are characterized by the formation of cysts lined by squamous or glandular epithelium and surrounded by a heavy inflammatory infiltrate rich in germinal centers. In the thyroid, the main source of various structures which may cause diagnostic dilemma is the ultimobranchial body. To investigate the spectrum of such thyroid lesions, the consultation files were reviewed for thyroid samples containing pathological structures regarded to arise from the ultimobranchial body.

[Complications arising out of insufficient reporting of clinical data to the pathologist investigating placentas].

Objective: To inform gynecologists-obstetricians about the problems associated with pathological examination of placentas, with special regard to the possibility of crucial role of complete and relevant clinical data in establishing the correct pathological diagnosis.

Design: Case report and overview of the problems associated with examination of placentas by pathologist.

Setting: Sikl´s Institute of Pathology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty Pilzen of the Charles University in Prague; Biopticka laborator, s.

Cystic and necrotic papillary renal cell carcinoma: prognosis, morphology, immunohistochemical, and molecular-genetic profile of 10 cases.

Conflicting data have been published on the prognostic significance of tumor necrosis in papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC). Although the presence of necrosis is generally considered an adverse prognostic feature in PRCC, we report a cohort of 10 morphologically distinct cystic and extensively necrotic PRCC with favorable biological behavior. Ten cases of type 1 PRCC with a uniform morphologic pattern were selected from the 19 500 renal tumors, of which 1311 were PRCCs in our registry.

Histiocytosis With Raisinoid Nuclei: A Unifying Concept for Lesions Reported Under Different Names as Nodular Mesothelial/Histiocytic Hyperplasia, Mesothelial/Monocytic Incidental Cardiac Excrescences, Intralymphatic Histiocytosis, and Others: A Report of 50 Cases.

We report 50 cases of peculiar histiocytic proliferations occurring in diverse body sites that currently bear various names, including nodular mesothelial/histiocytic hyperplasia, nodular histiocytic aggregates, mesothelial/monocytic incidental cardiac excrescences, reactive eosinophilic pleuritis, histioeosinophilic granuloma of the thymus, and intralymphatic histiocytosis. They can sometimes cause considerable differential diagnostic difficulties by resembling a metastatic carcinoma or Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Several previous publications have established a link between some of these conditions, suggesting that these are merely variations within a histopathologic spectrum, affecting different organs and bearing different names based on a particular location.

Protein expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCC10 and ABCC11 associates with survival of colorectal cancer patients.

Purpose: This study investigated the prognostic importance of protein expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCC10 and ABCC11 in colorectal cancer.

Methods: Protein content of ABCC10 and ABCC11 was assessed in tumor tissue blocks of 140 colorectal cancer patients and associated with survival of patients with regard to 5-fluorouracil-based therapy.

Results: Low ABCC10 protein content in tumors increased hazard ratio of patient's death more than three times in comparison with high ABCC10-expressing tumors (P = 0.

[Lynch Syndrome - the Pathologist's Diagnosis].

Lynch syndrome (formerly known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer) is the most com-mon hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. The syndrome is caused by a germline mutation of one of the mismatch repair (MMR) genes responsible for DNA replication error repair. Impaired function of the proteins encoded by these genes leads to microsatellite instability (MSI), which is associated with increased incidence of neoplasms: mainly colorectal cancer.

[Pathology of non-reflux esophagitides].

The topic of non-reflux esophagitides is partially hidden in the shadow cast by the huge and modern entity of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Histological investigation alone is often insufficient to reach the correct diagnosis without a correlation of the microscopic picture with clinical presentation, endoscopic gross appearance, personal and pharmacological history of the patient, results of hematological, serological, immunological and microbiological examinations. Due to their low-prevalence, individual types of non-reflux esophagitides are not routinely encountered in routine biopsies.

"Mucin"-secreting papillary renal cell carcinoma: clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic analysis of seven cases.

Mucin and mucin-like material are features of mucinous tubular and spindle renal cell carcinoma (MTS RCC) but are rarely seen in papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC). We reviewed 1311 PRCC and identified 7 tumors containing extracellular and/or intracellular mucinous/mucin-like material (labeled as PRCCM). We analyzed these using morphological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic methods (arrayCGH, FISH).

Nonsyndromic Intestinal Lipomas are Probably not Associated With Mutations of PDGFRA.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that intestinal lipomas occurring in patients devoid of signs of PDGFRA-mutant syndrome might represent sporadic counterparts of familial lipomatous tumors occurring in the spectrum of tumors associated with PDGFRA mutations. PDGFRA-mutant syndrome may manifest with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Vanek tumors, fibrous tumors, and lipomatous tumors. Until now there has been no molecular genetic study of PDGFRA mutations in intestinal lipomas published in the world literature.

Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor of the Kidney: Mutation Analysis of the DICER 1 Gene in 29 Cases.

Cystic nephroma (CN) and mixed epithelial stromal tumor (MEST) of the kidney have been considered as synonymous terms describing a single nosologic entity in adult patients. Cystic nephroma in pediatric patients (PCN) is, apparently, a completely different nosologic entity. Although the presence of DICER 1 mutations is well established in PCN, nothing is currently known about the DICER 1 gene status in adult MEST/CN.

Molecular Genetic Alterations in Renal Cell Carcinomas With Tubulocystic Pattern: Tubulocystic Renal Cell Carcinoma, Tubulocystic Renal Cell Carcinoma With Heterogenous Component and Familial Leiomyomatosis-associated Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clinicopathologic and Molecular Genetic Analysis of 15 Cases.

The characteristic morphologic spectrum of tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma (TC-RCC) may include areas resembling papillary RCC (PRCC). Our study includes 15 RCCs with tubulocystic pattern: 6 TC-RCCs, 1 RCC-high grade with tubulocystic architecture, 5 TC-RCCs with foci of PRCC, 2 with high-grade RCC (HGRCC) not otherwise specified, and 1 with a clear cell papillary RCC/renal angiomyoadenomatous tumor-like component. We analyzed aberrations of chromosomes 7, 17, and Y; mutations of VHL and FH genes; and loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 3p.