Paroxysmal hemicrania in children--symptoms, diagnostic criteria, therapy and outcome.

Whereas paroxysmal hemicrania (PH) is studied extensively in adults, even case reports of PH in children are rare. We present the first prospective follow-up study on PH in children. Our aim was to investigate whether differences exist between paediatric and adult patients.

[Ambulatory pain management for children in the family practice].

Effective pain management is possible for children just as for adults and is especially demanded by all experts. Nevertheless, many children still receive inadequate pain management care, whether it is after operations, for infections or for chronic painful conditions. There are clear therapeutic concepts for the treatment of children even in the family practice which include the use of short-acting opioids depending on the intensity of the pain and symptoms.

[Unique children -- unique headaches. Case reports of pediatric headache patients from an outpatient children's pain department].

In the industrialized nations headache prevalence is increasing in children and adolescents. The nosologic classification determines the therapeutic strategy to follow. Three case reports illustrate the optimal cooperation of both a pediatric outpatient pain clinic and a pediatric psychosomatic pain clinic.

Expression of toll-like receptors in neonatal sepsis.

Despite recent identification of specific pattern recognition receptors (PRR) for distinct microbial structures, data indicating their relevance in human infectious diseases are limited. We determined the expression levels of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 by flow cytometry on granulocytes and monocytes of healthy neonates compared with healthy adults. The basal expression of TLR2 was only slightly lower in neonatal phagocytes, whereas no differences could be detected for TLR4.