ninjaNIRS: an open hardware solution for wearable whole-head high-density functional near-infrared spectroscopy.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technology has been steadily advancing since the first measurements of human brain activity over 30 years ago. Initially, efforts were focused on increasing the channel count of fNIRS systems and then to moving from sparse to high density arrays of sources and detectors, enhancing spatial resolution through overlapping measurements. Over the last ten years, there have been rapid developments in wearable fNIRS systems that place the light sources and detectors on the head as opposed to the original approach of using fiber optics to deliver the light between the hardware and the head.

Introduction to the shared near infrared spectroscopy format.

Significance: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a popular neuroimaging technique with proliferating hardware platforms, analysis approaches, and software tools. There has not been a standardized file format for storing fNIRS data, which has hindered the sharing of data as well as the adoption and development of software tools.

Aim: We endeavored to design a file format to facilitate the analysis and sharing of fNIRS data that is flexible enough to meet the community's needs and sufficiently defined to be implemented consistently across various hardware and software platforms.

as-PSOCT: Volumetric microscopic imaging of human brain architecture and connectivity.

Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT) with serial sectioning has enabled the investigation of 3D structures in mouse and human brain tissue samples. By using intrinsic optical properties of back-scattering and birefringence, PSOCT reliably images cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture and fiber orientations. In this study, we developed a fully automatic serial sectioning polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (as-PSOCT) system to enable volumetric reconstruction of human brain samples with unprecedented sample size and resolution.

Polarization sensitive optical coherence microscopy for brain imaging.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence microscopy (OCM) have demonstrated the ability to investigate cyto- and myelo-architecture in the brain. Polarization-sensitive OCT provides sensitivity to additional contrast mechanisms, specifically the birefringence of myelination and, therefore, is advantageous for investigating white matter fiber tracts. In this Letter, we developed a polarization-sensitive optical coherence microscope (PS-OCM) with a 3.

Anatomical guidance for functional near-infrared spectroscopy: AtlasViewer tutorial.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical imaging method that is used to noninvasively measure cerebral hemoglobin concentration changes induced by brain activation. Using structural guidance in fNIRS research enhances interpretation of results and facilitates making comparisons between studies. AtlasViewer is an open-source software package we have developed that incorporates multiple spatial registration tools to enable structural guidance in the interpretation of fNIRS studies.

Comparison of a layered slab and an atlas head model for Monte Carlo fitting of time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy data of the adult head.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) estimations of the adult brain baseline optical properties based on a homogeneous model of the head are known to introduce significant contamination from extracerebral layers. More complex models have been proposed and occasionally applied to in vivo data, but their performances have never been characterized on realistic head structures. Here we implement a flexible fitting routine of time-domain NIRS data using graphics processing unit based Monte Carlo simulations.

Somatosensory evoked changes in cerebral oxygen consumption measured non-invasively in premature neonates.

The hemodynamic functional response is used as a reliable marker of neuronal activity in countless studies of brain function and cognition. In newborns and infants, however, conflicting results have appeared in the literature concerning the typical response, and there is little information on brain metabolism and functional activation. Measurement of all hemodynamic components and oxygen metabolism is critical for understanding neurovascular coupling in the developing brain.

Validating atlas-guided DOT: a comparison of diffuse optical tomography informed by atlas and subject-specific anatomies.

We describe the validation of an anatomical brain atlas approach to the analysis of diffuse optical tomography (DOT). Using MRI data from 32 subjects, we compare the diffuse optical images of simulated cortical activation reconstructed using a registered atlas with those obtained using a subject's true anatomy. The error in localization of the simulated cortical activations when using a registered atlas is due to a combination of imperfect registration, anatomical differences between atlas and subject anatomies and the localization error associated with diffuse optical image reconstruction.

Argatroban anticoagulation in pediatric patients: a literature analysis.

Argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, is approved in the United States in adults as an anticoagulant for prophylaxis or treatment of thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and in adults with or at risk for HIT undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The authors conducted a literature analysis to characterize the uses, dosing patterns, and safety of argatroban anticoagulation in pediatric patients. A comprehensive literature search identified nine articles describing 34 patients aged 1 week to 16 years who received argatroban anticoagulation for prophylaxis or treatment of thrombosis, cardiac catheterization, hemodialysis, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or ventricular assist device support, or cardiopulmonary bypass.

Results of the first U.S. double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical study in asthma with pranlukast, a novel leukotriene receptor antagonist.

Pranlukast (SB 205312; ONO-1078), a potent, orally active selective cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), was developed in Japan for the treatment of asthma. This article reports results of the initial U.S.

A placebo-controlled multicenter study of auranofin in the treatment of patients with corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Auranofin Multicenter Drug Trial.

Background: Previous clinical studies have demonstrated that injectable gold salts and the oral gold compound, auranofin, possess significant steroid-sparing effects in the treatment of asthma.

Objectives: The objectives of this investigation were to determine whether auranofin could reduce oral corticosteroid requirements and to evaluate the safety of auranofin in the treatment of chronic corticosteroid-dependent asthma.

Methods: Patients with asthma were eligible if they required at least 10 mg of prednisone per day for control and prevention of asthma exacerbations.

Intraoperative versus routine hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

Of 13 chronic hemodialysis end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing open-heart surgery, 7 received intraoperative hemodialysis (IHD) during cardiopulmonary bypass and 6 received hemodialysis on a routine basis (RHD). Within the groups, IHD patients had significantly lower post-operative mean serum potassium and mean plasma creatinine concentrations compared to mean preoperative values. Postoperative mean BUN tended to decrease and mean serum bicarbonate concentration was unchanged as compared to mean preoperative values.

Continuous intragastric delivery of fenoldopam: relationship between plasma concentration and effects on renal function.

1. The pharmacodynamics of the dopamine DA1 agonist fenoldopam were examined in six healthy male volunteers after constant intragastric infusions of fenoldopam at dosages of 0, 10, 25, 50 and 75 mg h-1 for 6 h. 2.

Selectivity of metoclopramide for endocrine versus renal effects of dopamine in normal humans.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect on renal function of dopamine (low dose, 2 micrograms/kg/min) inhibition by a low-dose infusion of metoclopramide. Prolactin and aldosterone levels were measured to assess metoclopramide's endocrine effects. Six salt-loaded subjects were studied by standard renal clearance techniques during water diuresis.

Effect on the endocrine system of a new dopaminergic agent, ibopamine.

Ibopamine, an oral dopaminergic and adrenergic agent, was given to 19 healthy men to investigate the effect of this dopamine analogue on carbohydrate metabolism. In a three-part study six subjects received ibopamine alone, seven subjects were pretreated with metoclopramide (a dopamine antagonist), and six subjects received phentolamine (an alpha-receptor antagonist) and propranolol (a beta-receptor antagonist) to study the specific mechanisms involved. In these single-blind, controlled, randomized studies, effects on fasting glucose, insulin, glucagon, and prolactin were evaluated.

The effect of fenoldopam, a dopaminergic agonist, on renal hemodynamics.

Fenoldopam, a dopaminergic agonist, was administered intravenously to 18 healthy male subjects in doses ranging from 0.025 to 1.0 microgram/kg/min for 2 hours.

The effect of acetaminophen on the disposition of fenoldopam: competition for sulfation.

Both fenoldopam and acetaminophen undergo conjugation with sulfate in humans. The present study was undertaken to determine if a metabolic interaction exists between these two compounds in humans. Twelve healthy male volunteers participated in a single-dose crossover study with 100 mg fenoldopam (capsule) alone or in combination with 1000 mg acetaminophen.

Temelastine, a new H1-receptor antagonist.

Temelastine is a selective, competitive histamine H1-receptor antagonist which does not penetrate the central nervous system. The effect of varying doses of temelastine was compared in a randomized, double-blind, controlled study by measuring the inhibition of cutaneous histamine wheals. In twelve subjects single oral doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg of temelastine produced dose-dependent reductions in wheal areas.

Selective peripheral dopamine-1 receptor stimulation with fenoldopam in human essential hypertension.

SKF 82526-J, or fenoldopam, a benzazepine derivative, is a selective dopamine-1 (DA-1) agonist devoid of activity at dopamine-2, alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptors. We studied SKF 82526-J in 10 patients with essential hypertension and five normal control subjects on constant 150-meq sodium, 60 meq potassium intake. In the hypertensive patients, during a 6-d placebo period supine blood pressure and heart rate were stable at 156 +/- 6/105 +/- 4 mmHg and 76 +/- 5 beats/min, respectively.

Five cephalosporins: pharmacokinetics and their relation to antibacterial potency.

In a group of adult volunteers, pharmacokinetic profiles of five cephalosporins were correlated with their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs90) against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Subjects received the following intravenous regimens in a randomized, crossover fashion: (1) 0.5 gm, 1 gm, or 2 gm of cefazolin; (2) 2 gm of cephalothin; (3) 1 gm of cephapirin; (4) 1 gm of cefoxitin; or (5) 0.

A new oral renal vasodilator, fenoldopam.

Fenoldopam, a dopamine agonist, was evaluated in renal clearance studies during water diuresis after oral doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg. After the 100-mg dose there was an increase in urine flow rate, paraaminohippurate clearance, free water clearance, and an increase in the fractional excretion of sodium, calcium, and uric acid. These effects were evident within the first hour, peaked during the second hour, and lasted about 3 hr.

Ceftizoxime kinetics and renal handling.

The kinetics and renal handling of ceftizoxime were examined after intravenous and intramuscular injection and the effect of probenecid on its excretion was investigated. Peak serum level after 1000 mg IV was 60.5 microgram/ml and half-life (t 1/2) was 1.

Kinetics and renal handling of cefonicid.

Cefonicid kinetics were determined after intravenous and intramuscular injection and the renal handling of the drug was examined, including the effect of probenecid on its excretion. Peak serum levels after 1000 and 500 mg intravenously was 221 and 91 micrograms/ml. The half-life (t1/2) was the same for both regimens (3.