Moonlight-driven biological choruses in Hawaiian coral reefs.

Sounds from fish and invertebrates in coral reefs can create persistent cacophonies that can be recorded for ecosystem monitoring, including during nighttime hours where visual surveys are typically not feasible. Here we use soundscape measurements in Hawaii to demonstrate that multiple coral reef communities are rapidly responsive to shifts in nighttime ambient light, with sustained changes in biological sound between moonrise and moonset. High frequency pulse train sounds from fish (0.

Effects of Prone Position and Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on Noninvasive Estimators of ICP: A Pilot Study.

Background: Prone positioning and positive end-expiratory pressure can improve pulmonary gas exchange and respiratory mechanics. However, they may be associated with the development of intracranial hypertension. Intracranial pressure (ICP) can be noninvasively estimated from the sonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and from the transcranial Doppler analysis of the pulsatility (ICPPI) and the diastolic component (ICPFVd) of the velocity waveform.

Reward Deficiency Syndrome: Attentional/Arousal Subtypes, Limitations of Current Diagnostic Nosology, and Future Research.

We theorise that in some cases Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) predisposes to narcolepsy and hypersomnia, and that there may be a shared pathophysiology with various addictions [Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)]. Reticence to acknowledge such connections may be due to a narrow nosological framework. Additionally, we theorise that the development of narcolepsy on a baseline of ADHD/RDS leads to an additional assault on the dopaminergic reward system in such individuals.

Regional scalp block for postcraniotomy analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Up to two-thirds of patients report moderate to severe surgical site pain after craniotomy procedures, and there is understandable reluctance to manage these symptoms with systemic opioids that may impair neurological assessment. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus and evidence concerning alternative analgesia strategies for cranial neurosurgery. Regional scalp block (RSB) is an established technique that involves infiltration of local anesthetic (LA) at well-defined anatomical sites targeting the major sensory innervation of the scalp.

Atypical imaging findings in the setting of methylmalonic acidemia in an infant.

Classically, methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is characterized on imaging by abnormalities in the basal ganglia, specifically the globus pallidi, as well as occasional signs of delayed maturation. We report a case of MMA in which abnormal signal and diffusion restriction occurred in the subcortical white matter, sparing the classically involved globus pallidi, a situation that has not been previously reported in the literature. This report demonstrates that diffusion abnormality can be seen in the white matter in MMA, in the absence of basal ganglia involvement, and that MMA may be considered when the diagnosis of metabolic acidemias is raised.

Human T-cell responses to botulinum neurotoxin. Responses in vitro of lymphocytes from patients with cervical dystonia and/or other movement disorders treated with BoNT/A or BoNT/B.

We have previously reported that botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A)-specific T-cell responses occur in a majority of patients treated with botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT). In this study, we first determined if T-cell responses against BoNT/A and tetanus toxin (TeNT) differ between cervical dystonia (CD) patients and other movement disorder cases. Secondly, we have examined in CD cases the treatment parameters that may have an effect on the T-cell responses against BoNT/A.

Human T-cell responses to botulinum neurotoxin: proliferative responses in vitro of lymphocytes from botulinum neurotoxin A-treated movement disorder patients.

We determined the T-cell responses against botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) and tetanus toxin (TeNT) of peripheral blood lymphocytes from 95 BoNT-treated patients and 63 non-treated control subjects. The patient group included 80 cervical dystonia and 15 other movement disorder cases. Positive T-cell responses to BoNT/A were detected in 70% of the treated patients, and in only 3% of controls.

Association of HLA Class II alleles and haplotypes with cervical dystonia: HLA DR13-DQ6 (DQB1*0604) homozygotes are at greatly increased risk of cervical dystonia in Caucasian Americans.

An unanticipated discovery was made while examining genetics of the immune response in patients treated with botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which included cervical dystonia (CD) patients. Initial examination of HLA DQA1:DQB1 frequencies revealed an unexpectedly high number of DQA1*0102:DQB1*0604 homozygotes (hz) in the CD patients. We typed the BoNT-treated CD Caucasian subset for HLA-DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 and succeeded in typing HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 for 75 of the patients.

Childhood mesial temporal sclerosis.

The prevalence and clinical characteristics of mesial temporal sclerosis have not been well studied in children. All brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports of children less than 14 years of age were reviewed from two tertiary institutions. A 52-month period from one institution and a 37-month period from the other were reviewed.

Efficacy and safety of botulinum type A toxin (Dysport) in cervical dystonia: results of the first US randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) has been shown in European studies to be a safe and effective treatment for cervical dystonia. This multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial assessed the safety and efficacy of Dysport in cervical dystonia patients in the United States. Eighty patients were randomly assigned to receive one treatment with Dysport (500 units) or placebo.

Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with hemispherectomy.

A 7-year-old boy with left hemiparesis secondary to right hemispheric cortical dysplasia was admitted to the hospital with increasing numbers of seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a small dysplastic right hemisphere with abnormally thickened gyri and an apparently normal left hemisphere. Previous video-electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring showed bilateral independent spikes and generalized slow spike-and-wave episodes on EEG and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography scan demonstrated scattered areas of regional hypometabolism bilaterally; therefore hemispherectomy was not undertaken at that time.