Modification of autophagic degradation by medium- and illumination conditions in frog visual cells in vitro.

In vertebrate visual cells, cytoplasmic organelles are degraded within autophagic vacuoles occurring in inner segments. In isolated frog retinas in vitro, an increase of autophagic activity as compared to in vivo controls was observed and a reduction of autophagic activity in dim red light as compared to bright white light (Remé, 1981). In this study, isolated frog retinas were superfused: (a) with and without serum addition to the superfusion medium at 400 1 X illumination; (b) without serum at 400 1 X fluorescent light or without visible light.

ABSORPTION FROM THE PULMONARY ALVEOLI.

Experiments upon dogs anesthetized with nembutal and lasting 4 hours, in which the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct have been cannulated and collection of lung lymph and blood specimens was accomplished after intratracheal instillation of dog plasma, purified bovine serum albumin, crystallized egg albumin, and hemoglobin, have shown that the absorption of such molecules is slight. Experiments in which pyrex glass spheres averaging 4 micra in diameter were instilled failed to disclose entrance of these distinctive foreign particles into the lymph stream, though the fact that lung phagocytes were often found containing the particles or covered with them, indicated that eventually these particles would be found in lung lymphatics and in lymph nodes. The protection against absorption from the lung alveoli is in the main due to intact alveolar epithelium through which molecules of the dimensions of the proteins.

POLIOMYELITIS AND THE LYMPHATIC APPARATUS.

In rhesus monkeys the Toomey "T" strain of poliomyelitis virus could not be detected in cervical or thoracic duct lymph after intranasal or intracerebral inoculation.

THE LYMPHATIC PATHWAY FROM THE NOSE AND PHARYNX : THE ABSORPTION OF CERTAIN PROTEINS.

1. In a number of cats, dogs, monkeys, and in a rabbit, the cervical lymph ducts were cannulated and protein solutions dropped into the nose, and the lymph was examined afterwards for the presence of the protein employed. 2.

THE LYMPHATIC PATHWAY FROM THE NOSE AND PHARYNX : THE ABSORPTION OF DYES.

1. In the monkey, dog, cat, and rabbit the cervical lymph duct was cannulated, and then a solution of T-1824, or trypan blue, or a fine graphite suspension, all in physiological saline, was dropped into the nose. T-1824 was used in all four animals, trypan blue in the cat and dog, the graphite suspension (Hydrokollag) in the cat alone.

THE PASSAGE OF RABBIT VIRULENT TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCI FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF RABBITS INTO THE LYMPHATICS AND BLOOD.

1. Rabbit virulent Type III pneumococci when instilled into the nose or trachea were recovered from the lymphatics draining the area involved in the lymph collected during a subsequent 4 hour period. Their detection rarely failed, and not infrequently was possible at the end of the 1st hour.

THE ABSORPTION OF PROTEIN SOLUTIONS FROM THE PULMONARY ALVEOLI.

Horse serum, crystallized hemoglobin, and crystallized egg albumin have been injected into the lung alveoli of dogs in which the entrances of the right lymphatics have been tied and the thoracic duct cannulated. Samples of blood and lymph have been taken following this injection. Only after several hours in the case of the horse serum and hemoglobin have these proteins been detected by immunological methods and invariably they have appeared first in the blood.

THE DISTRIBUTION IN THE BLOOD AND LYMPH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III INJECTED INTRAVENOUSLY IN RABBITS, AND THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH SPECIFIC ANTISERUM ON THE INFECTION OF THE LYMPH.

Experiments are described which show that in rabbits infected intravenously with virulent Type III pneumococci, these organisms are found not only in the thoracic duct lymph, as previously reported, but also in lymph from the cervical and leg lymphatics. The nonmotile bacteria must have crossed both vascular and lymphatic endothelium in reaching the lymph. Intracellular transportation by phagocytes is apparently not the means by which this is effected.

THE EMIGRATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI TYPE III FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE THORACIC DUCT LYMPH OF RABBITS, AND THE SURVIVAL OF THESE ORGANISMS IN THE LYMPH FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF SPECIFIC ANTISERUM.

1. Rabbits injected intravenously with a large dose of a virulent Type III Pneumococcus develop a bacteremia, and within an hour organisms may be cultivated from the thoracic duct lymph. The rapidity with which entrance into the lymph occurs appears to be correlated with the size of the dose injected.