Syphilis Among U.S.-Bound Refugees, 2015 - 2018.

We assessed syphilis screening data from overseas medical examinations among U.S.-bound refugees to characterize seropositive syphilis cases and treatment from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2018.

Tuberculosis Disease Among Nonimmigrant Visa Holders Reported to US Quarantine Stations, January 2011-June 2016.

US-bound immigrants and refugees undergo a mandatory overseas medical examination that includes tuberculosis screening; this exam is not routinely required for temporary visitors applying for non-immigrant visas (NIV) to visit, work, or study in the United States. US health departments and foreign ministries of health report tuberculosis cases in travelers to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Quarantine Stations. We reviewed cases reported to this passive surveillance system from January 2011 to June 2016.

Tuberculosis in United States-Bound Follow-to-Join Asylees, 2014-2019.

Persons may seek asylum in the United States or at a U.S. port of entry.

COVID-19 Testing of United States-Bound Agricultural Workers in Mexico.

The COVID-19 pandemic presents global health, welfare, and economic concerns. The agricultural workforce has experienced adverse effects, placing the U.S.

The Implementation of CDC COVID-19 Recommendations for Testing, Isolation, Quarantine and Movement at Emergency Intake Sites of Unaccompanied Children in the United States, April 1-May 31, 2021.

In March 2021, Emergency Intake Sites (EIS) were created to address capacity shortfalls during a surge of Unaccompanied Children at the Mexico-United States land border. The COVID-19 Zone Plan (ZP) was developed to decrease COVID-19 transmission. COVID-19 cumulative percent (%) positivity was analyzed to evaluate the impact of the ZP, venue type and bed capacity across EIS from April 1-May 31, 2021.

US Postarrival Evaluation of Immigrant and Refugee Children with Latent Tuberculosis Infection Diagnosed Overseas, 2007-2019.

Objective: To assess outcomes from the US postarrival evaluation of newly arrived immigrant and refugee children aged 2-14 years who were diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) during a required overseas medical examination.

Study Design: We compared overseas and US interferon-γ release assay (IGRA)/tuberculin skin test (TST) results and LTBI diagnosis; assessed postarrival LTBI treatment initiation and completion; and evaluated the impact of switching from TST to IGRA to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection overseas.

Results: In total, 73 014 children were diagnosed with LTBI overseas and arrived in the US during 2007-2019.

Disease Surveillance Among U.S.-Bound Immigrants and Refugees - Electronic Disease Notification System, United States, 2014-2019.

Problem/condition: Each year, approximately 500,000 immigrants and tens of thousands of refugees (range: 12,000-85,000 during 2001-2020) move to the United States. While still abroad, immigrants, refugees, and others who apply for admission to live permanently in the United States must undergo a medical examination. This examination identifies persons with class A or B conditions.

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in U.S.-Bound Immigrants and Refugees.

Approximately two-thirds of new cases of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States are among non-U.S.-born persons.

Overseas Gonorrhea Screening Among Newly Arrived Refugees During 2018.

We assessed the overseas gonorrhea results reported in the CDC's Electronic Disease Notification (EDN) system among refugees ≥ 15 years old who arrived in the United States during 2018. Of 18,720 refugees, 57 (0.4%) tested positive.

Cost effectiveness analysis of implementing tuberculosis screening among applicants for non-immigrant U.S. work visas.

Background: While persons who receive immigrant and refugee visas are screened for active tuberculosis before admission into the United States, nonimmigrant visa applicants (NIVs) are not routinely screened and may enter the United States with infectious tuberculosis.

Objectives: We evaluated the costs and benefits of expanding pre-departure tuberculosis screening requirements to a subset of NIVs who arrive from a moderate (Mexico) or high (India) incidence tuberculosis country with temporary work visas.

Methods: We developed a decision tree model to evaluate the program costs and estimate the numbers of active tuberculosis cases that may be diagnosed in the United States in two scenarios: 1) "Screening": screening and treatment for tuberculosis among NIVs in their home country with recommended U.

Tuberculosis among Newly Arrived Immigrants and Refugees in the United States.

U.S. health departments routinely conduct post-arrival evaluation of immigrants and refugees at risk for tuberculosis (TB), but this important intervention has not been thoroughly studied.

Tuberculosis Regional Training and Medical Consultation Centers in the United States: Characteristics, outcomes, and quality of medical consultations, June 1, 2010 - May 31, 2014.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) Regional Training and Medical Consultation Centers (RTMCCs) were established in 2005 for TB medical consultation, training and education in the United States. A medical consultation database (MCD) captured all consultations provided by RTMCCs; we report on those provided from June 1, 2010 to May 31, 2014.

Methods: All MCD consultations during 2010-2014 were categorized into: provider type, setting, consultation topic, and patient age.

Immigrant and Refugee Health: A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Perspective on Protecting the Health and Health Security of Individuals and Communities During Planned Migrations.

Migration and forced displacement are at record levels in today's geopolitical environment; ensuring the health of migrating populations and the health security of asylum and receiving countries is critically important. Overseas screening, treatment, and vaccination during planned migration to the United States represents one successful model. These strategies have improved tuberculosis detection and treatment, reducing rates in the United States; decreased transmission and importation of vaccine-preventable diseases; prevented morbidity and mortality from parasitic diseases among refugees; and saved health costs.

Prevalence of Tuberculosis Disease Among Adult US-Bound Refugees with Chronic Kidney Disease.

The association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and tuberculosis disease (TB) has been recognized for decades. Recently CKD prevalence is increasing in low- to middle-income countries with high TB burden. Using data from the required overseas medical exam and the recommended US follow-up exam for 444,356 US-bound refugees aged ≥ 18 during 2009-2017, we ran Poisson regression to assess the prevalence of TB among refugees with and without CKD, controlling for sex, age, diabetes, tobacco use, body mass index ( kg/m), prior residence in camp or non-camp setting, and region of birth country.

Immigrant Arrival and Tuberculosis among Large Immigrant- and Refugee-Receiving Countries, 2005-2009.

. Tuberculosis control in foreign-born populations is a major public health concern for Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States, large immigrant- and refugee-receiving countries that comprise the Immigration and Refugee Health Working Group (IRHWG). Identifying and comparing immigration and distribution of foreign-born tuberculosis cases are important for developing targeted and collaborative interventions.

Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among Immigrant and Refugee Children Arriving in the United States: 2010.

Immigrants and refugees age 2-14 years entering the United States from countries with estimated tuberculosis (TB) incidence rate ≥20 per 100,000 population are screened for TB. Children with TB disease are treated before US arrival. Children with positive tuberculin skin tests (TST), but negative TB evaluation during their pre-immigration examination, are classified with latent TB infection (LTBI) and are recommended for re-evaluation post-arrival.

Cost-Effectiveness of Screening and Treating Foreign-Born Students for Tuberculosis before Entering the United States.

Introduction: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is considering implementation of overseas medical screening of student-visa applicants to reduce the numbers of active tuberculosis cases entering the United States.

Objective: To evaluate the costs, cases averted, and cost-effectiveness of screening for, and treating, tuberculosis in United States-bound students from countries with varying tuberculosis prevalence.

Methods: Costs and benefits were evaluated from two perspectives, combined and United States only.

Effect of a culture-based screening algorithm on tuberculosis incidence in immigrants and refugees bound for the United States: a population-based cross-sectional study.

Background: Before 2007, immigrants and refugees bound for the United States were screened for tuberculosis (TB) by a smear-based algorithm that could not diagnose smear-negative/culture-positive TB. In 2007, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention implemented a culture-based algorithm.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the culture-based algorithm on preventing the importation of TB to the United States by immigrants and refugees from foreign countries.

Implementation of new TB screening requirements for U.S.-bound immigrants and refugees - 2007-2014.

For more than two decades, as the number of tuberculosis (TB) cases overall in the United States has declined, the proportion of cases among foreign-born persons has increased. In 2013, the percentage of TB cases among those born outside the country was 64.6%.

Disease surveillance among newly arriving refugees and immigrants--Electronic Disease Notification System, United States, 2009.

Problem/condition: Approximately 450,000 legal permanent immigrants and 75,000 refugees enter the United States annually after receiving required medical examinations by overseas panel physicians (physicians who follow the CDC medical screening guidelines provided to the U.S. Department of State).