Tau expression and phosphorylation in enteroendocrine cells.

Background And Objective: There is mounting evidence to suggest that the gut-brain axis is involved in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this regard, the enteroendocrine cells (EEC), which faces the gut lumen and are connected with both enteric neurons and glial cells have received growing attention. The recent observation showing that these cells express alpha-synuclein, a presynaptic neuronal protein genetically and neuropathologically linked to PD came to reinforce the assumption that EEC might be a key component of the neural circuit between the gut lumen and the brain for the bottom-up propagation of PD pathology.

Maternal Microbiota Transfer Programs Offspring Eating Behavior.

Understanding the link between mother's obesity and regulation of the child's appetite is a prerequisite for the design of successful preventive strategies. Beyond the possible contributions of genetic heritage, family culture, and hormonal and metabolic environment during pregnancy, we investigate in the present paper the causal role of the transmission of the maternal microbiotas in obesity as microbiotas differ between lean and obese mothers, maternal microbiotas are the main determinants of a baby's gut colonization, and the intestinal microbiota resulting from the early colonization could impact the feeding behavior of the offspring with short- and long-term consequences on body weight. We thus investigated the potential role of vertical transfers of maternal microbiotas in programming the eating behavior of the offspring.

Neonatal Consumption of Oligosaccharides Greatly Increases L-Cell Density without Significant Consequence for Adult Eating Behavior.

Oligosaccharides (OS) are commonly added to infant formulas, however, their physiological impact, particularly on adult health programming, is poorly described. In adult animals, OS modify microbiota and stimulate colonic fermentation and enteroendocrine cell (EEC) activity. Since neonatal changes in microbiota and/or EEC density could be long-lasting and EEC-derived peptides do regulate short-term food intake, we hypothesized that neonatal OS consumption could modulate early EECs, with possible consequences for adult eating behavior.

Maternal protein restriction induces gastrointestinal dysfunction and enteric nervous system remodeling in rat offspring.

Early-life adversity is a major risk factor for the development of diseases later in life. Maternal protein restriction (MPR) is associated with morbidities in offspring affecting multiple organs, but its impact on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract remains poorly studied. Using a rat model, we examined the consequences of MPR on GI function and on the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the offspring at postnatal d 35 under basal state and following a water avoidance stress (WAS).

Perinatal supplementation of 4-phenylbutyrate and glutamine attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress and improves colonic epithelial barrier function in rats born with intrauterine growth restriction.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can affect the structure and function of the intestinal barrier and increase digestive disease risk in adulthood. Using the rat model of maternal dietary protein restriction (8% vs. 20%), we found that the colon of IUGR offspring displayed decreased mRNA expression of epithelial barrier proteins MUC2 and occludin during development.

Loss of Vagal Sensitivity to Cholecystokinin in Rats Born with Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Consequence on Food Intake.

Perinatal malnutrition is associated with low birth weight and an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Modification of food intake (FI) regulation was observed in adult rats born with intrauterine growth retardation induced by maternal dietary protein restriction during gestation and maintained restricted until weaning. Gastrointestinal peptides and particularly cholecystokinin (CCK) play a major role in short-term regulation of FI by relaying digestive signals to the hindbrain the vagal afferent nerve (VAN).

Interindividual registration and dose mapping for voxelwise population analysis of rectal toxicity in prostate cancer radiotherapy.

Purpose: Recent studies revealed a trend toward voxelwise population analysis in order to understand the local dose/toxicity relationships in prostate cancer radiotherapy. Such approaches require, however, an accurate interindividual mapping of the anatomies and 3D dose distributions toward a common coordinate system. This step is challenging due to the high interindividual variability.

Identification of a rectal subregion highly predictive of rectal bleeding in prostate cancer IMRT.

Background And Purpose: To identify rectal subregions at risks (SRR) highly predictive of 3-year rectal bleeding (RB) in prostate cancer IMRT.

Materials And Methods: Overall, 173 prostate cancer patients treated with IMRT/IGRT were prospectively analyzed, divided into "training" (n=118) and "validation" cohorts (n=53). Dose-volume histograms (DVHs) were calculated in three types of rectal subregions: "geometric", intuitively defined (hemi-rectum,…); "personalized", obtained by non-rigid registration followed by voxel-wise statistical analysis (SRRp); "generic", mapped from SRRps, located within 8×8 rectal subsections (SRRg).

Recent advancements in toxicity prediction following prostate cancer radiotherapy.

In external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer limiting toxicities for dose escalation are bladder and rectum toxicities. Normal tissue complication probability models aim at quantifying the risk of developping adverse events following radiotherapy. These models, originally proposed in the context of uniform irradiation, have evolved to implementations based on the state-of-the-art classification methods which are trained using empirical data.

Connecting metabolism to intestinal barrier function: The role of leptin.

Structure and function of the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) are dependent upon the integrity of junctional protein structures sealing the apical surface between epithelial cells. Tight junctions (TJ) and the surrounding apical F-actin cytoskeleton are involved in the regulation of paracellular permeability. The regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization by RhoA/Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway plays an important role in TJ assembly and function.

On feature extraction and classification in prostate cancer radiotherapy using tensor decompositions.

External beam radiotherapy is commonly prescribed for prostate cancer. Although new radiation techniques allow high doses to be delivered to the target, the surrounding healthy organs (rectum and bladder) may suffer from irradiation, which might produce undesirable side-effects. Hence, the understanding of the complex toxicity dose-volume effect relationships is crucial to adapt the treatment, thereby decreasing the risk of toxicity.

A Novel Classification Method for Prediction of Rectal Bleeding in Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy Based on a Semi-Nonnegative ICA of 3D Planned Dose Distributions.

The understanding of dose/side-effects relationships in prostate cancer radiotherapy is crucial to define appropriate individual's constraints for the therapy planning. Most of the existing methods to predict side-effects do not fully exploit the rich spatial information conveyed by the three-dimensional planned dose distributions. We propose a new classification method for three-dimensional individuals' doses, based on a new semi-nonnegative ICA algorithm to identify patients at risk of presenting rectal bleeding from a population treated for prostate cancer.

Segmentation of pelvic structures for planning CT using a geometrical shape model tuned by a multi-scale edge detector.

Accurate segmentation of the prostate and organs at risk in computed tomography (CT) images is a crucial step for radiotherapy planning. Manual segmentation, as performed nowadays, is a time consuming process and prone to errors due to the a high intra- and inter-expert variability. This paper introduces a new automatic method for prostate, rectum and bladder segmentation in planning CT using a geometrical shape model under a Bayesian framework.

A tensor-based population value decomposition to explain rectal toxicity after prostate cancer radiotherapy.

In prostate cancer radiotherapy the association between the dose distribution and the occurrence of undesirable side-effects is yet to be revealed. In this work a method to perform population analysis by comparing the dose distributions is proposed. The method is a tensor-based approach that generalises an existing method for 2D images and allows for the highlighting of over irradiated zones correlated with rectal bleeding after prostate cancer radiotherapy.

Visceral adipose tissue and leptin increase colonic epithelial tight junction permeability via a RhoA-ROCK-dependent pathway.

Proinflammatory cytokines produced by immune cells play a central role in the increased intestinal epithelial permeability during inflammation. Expansion of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is currently considered a consequence of intestinal inflammation. Whether VAT per se plays a role in early modifications of intestinal barrier remains unknown.

Relative contribution of foetal and post-natal nutritional periods on feeding regulation in adult rats.

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of both foetal and/or post-natal nutritional periods on feeding regulation in adult rats.

Methods: Body weight gain, adipose tissue development, food preferences and feeding pattern under regular chow or Western diets were characterized on four experimental groups of rats: pups born from protein-restricted dams (R) and weaned by control (RC) or R dams (RR) and pups born from control dams weaned by C (CC) or R dams (CR).

Results: Rats born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and fed a Western diet at adulthood appeared predisposed to body weight gain and more fat accretion, whereas CR rats, despite their preference for high-fat diet and their hyperphagia for Western diet, did not show significant increase in fat tissue.

Voxel-based population analysis for correlating local dose and rectal toxicity in prostate cancer radiotherapy.

The majority of current models utilized for predicting toxicity in prostate cancer radiotherapy are based on dose-volume histograms. One of their main drawbacks is the lack of spatial accuracy, since they consider the organs as a whole volume and thus ignore the heterogeneous intra-organ radio-sensitivity. In this paper, we propose a dose-image-based framework to reveal the relationships between local dose and toxicity.

Perinatal undernutrition alters intestinal alkaline phosphatase and its main transcription factors KLF4 and Cdx1 in adult offspring fed a high-fat diet.

Nutrient restriction during gestation and/or suckling is associated with an increased risk of developing inflammation, obesity and metabolic diseases in adulthood. However, the underlying mechanisms, including the role of the small intestine, are unclear. We hypothesized that intestinal adaptation to the diet in adulthood is modulated by perinatal nutrition.

Postnatal growth velocity modulates alterations of proteins involved in metabolism and neuronal plasticity in neonatal hypothalamus in rats born with intrauterine growth restriction.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to maternal protein restriction is associated in rats with an alteration in hypothalamic centers involved in feeding behaviour. In order to gain insight into the mechanism of perinatal maternal undernutrition in the brain, we used proteomics approach to identify hypothalamic proteins that are altered in their expression following protein restriction in utero. We used an animal model in which restriction of the protein intake of pregnant rats (8% vs.

Quantification of Penicillium camemberti and P. roqueforti mycelium by real-time PCR to assess their growth dynamics during ripening cheese.

Real-time PCR has been applied to quantify mycelium of Penicillium camemberti and Penicillium roqueforti during ripening of model cheese curd and surface mould-ripened cheeses. Total fungal DNA was first validated as an indicator of mycelial biomass in pure liquid culture and then in model curds at different stages of ripening. To imitate cheese matrix effects, DNA was extracted from curd mixed with known amounts of fresh mycelium of P.

Isolation and analysis of differentially expressed genes in Penicillium glabrum subjected to thermal stress.

Penicillium glabrum is a filamentous fungus frequently involved in food contamination. Numerous environmental factors (temperature, humidity, atmospheric composition, etc.) or food characteristics (water activity, pH, preservatives, etc.

Myelotoxicity of trichothecenes and apoptosis: an in vitro study on human cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor.

Previous studies have revealed that hematological disorders associated with trichothecenes intoxication in humans could result from hematopoiesis inhibition. The most frequent and potent trichothecene mycotoxins are T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON), respectively. Apoptosis induction by these two toxins was investigated in vitro on human hematopoietic progenitors (CD34+ cells).