Analysis of quantitative OCT and SS-OCTA metrics three months after initiation of intravitreal faricimab for treatment-recalcitrant neovascular AMD.

Purpose: To utilize optical coherence tomography (OCT) and SS-OCT angiography (SS-OCTA) for quantifying morphological changes seen in eyes with recalcitrant neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) transitioned to intravitreal faricimab injections during the manufacturer's recommended induction phase of treatment.

Methods: Fifty-four treatment-recalcitrant patients (60 eyes) were recruited. OCT and SS-OCTA images were obtained at 0 and 3 months.

Deciphering the Evolution of Current Distribution in Hybrid Silver Vanadium Oxide / Carbon Monofluoride Cathodes within Lithium Primary Batteries.

For batteries to function effectively all active material must be accessible requiring both electron and ion transport to each particle. A common approach to generating the needed conductive network is the addition of carbon to create a composite electrode. An alternative approach is the electrochemically induced formation of conductive reaction products where the electrochemically generated materials are in intimate contact with the active material contributing to effective connection of each active particle.

Elucidating the Discharge Behavior of Aqueous Zinc Sulfur Batteries in the Presence of Molybdenum(IV) Chalcogenide Catalyst: The Criticality of Interfacial Electrochemistry.

The aqueous zinc-sulfur battery holds promise for significant capacity and energy density with low cost and safe operation based on environmentally benign materials. However, it suffers from the sluggish kinetics of the conversion reaction. Here, we highlight the efficacy of molybdenum(IV) sulfide (MoS) to reduce the overpotential of S-ZnS conversion in aqueous electrolytes and study the discharge products formed at the solid-solid and solid-liquid interfaces using experimental and theoretical approaches.

Precise Image-level Localization of Intracranial Hemorrhage on Head CT Scans with Deep Learning Models Trained on Study-level Labels.

Purpose To develop a highly generalizable weakly supervised model to automatically detect and localize image-level intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) by using study-level labels. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, the proposed model was pretrained on the image-level Radiological Society of North America dataset and fine-tuned on a local dataset by using attention-based bidirectional long short-term memory networks. This local training dataset included 10 699 noncontrast head CT scans in 7469 patients, with ICH study-level labels extracted from radiology reports.

Adaptation to ex vivo culture reduces human hematopoietic stem cell activity independently of the cell cycle.

Loss of long-term hematopoietic stem cell (LT-HSC) function ex vivo hampers the success of clinical protocols that rely on culture. However, the kinetics and mechanisms through which this occurs remain incompletely characterized. In this study, through time-resolved single-cell RNA sequencing, matched in vivo functional analysis, and the use of a reversible in vitro system of early G1 arrest, we defined the sequence of transcriptional and functional events that occur during the first ex vivo division of human LT-HSCs.

Machine Teaching Allows for Rapid Development of Automated Systems for Retinal Lesion Detection From Small Image Datasets.

Machine teaching, a machine learning subfield, may allow for rapid development of artificial intelligence systems able to automatically identify emerging ocular biomarkers from small imaging datasets. We sought to use machine teaching to automatically identify retinal ischemic perivascular lesions (RIPLs) and subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs), two emerging ocular biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. IRB approval was obtained.

Exploring Diagnostic Precision and Triage Proficiency: A Comparative Study of GPT-4 and Bard in Addressing Common Ophthalmic Complaints.

In the modern era, patients often resort to the internet for answers to their health-related concerns, and clinics face challenges to providing timely response to patient concerns. This has led to a need to investigate the capabilities of AI chatbots for ophthalmic diagnosis and triage. In this in silico study, 80 simulated patient complaints in ophthalmology with varying urgency levels and clinical descriptors were entered into both ChatGPT and Bard in a systematic 3-step submission process asking chatbots to triage, diagnose, and evaluate urgency.

Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography metrics of retinal ischaemic perivascular lesions in patients being evaluated for carotid artery stenosis and controls.

Background/aims: Retinal microvascular ischaemia may produce localised middle retinal disruption with corresponding scotoma, a phenomenon termed paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM). Small chronic middle retinal atrophic lesions termed retinal ischaemic perivascular lesions (RIPLs) appear qualitatively similar to PAMM lesions and have recently been hypothesised to result specifically from PAMM. However, no studies have quantitatively demonstrated an ischaemic origin of RIPLs.

Flexible positioning of a large area detector using an industrial robot.

The DIAD beamline for Dual Imaging and Diffraction at Diamond Light Source has opted to use an industrial robot to position its Dectris Pilatus 2M CdTe diffraction detector. This setup was chosen to enable flexible positioning of the detector in a quarter-sphere around the sample position whilst reliably holding the large weight of 139 kg of detector, detector mount and cabling in a stable position. Metrology measurements showed that the detector can be positioned with a linear repeatability of <19.

Labeling Noncontrast Head CT Reports for Common Findings Using Natural Language Processing.

Background And Purpose: Prioritizing reading of noncontrast head CT examinations through an automated triage system may improve time to care for patients with acute neuroradiologic findings. We present a natural language-processing approach for labeling findings in noncontrast head CT reports, which permits creation of a large, labeled dataset of head CT images for development of emergent-finding detection and reading-prioritization algorithms.

Materials And Methods: In this retrospective study, 1002 clinical radiology reports from noncontrast head CTs collected between 2008 and 2013 were manually labeled across 12 common neuroradiologic finding categories.

Beamline K11 DIAD: a new instrument for dual imaging and diffraction at Diamond Light Source.

The Dual Imaging and Diffraction (DIAD) beamline at Diamond Light Source is a new dual-beam instrument for full-field imaging/tomography and powder diffraction. This instrument provides the user community with the capability to dynamically image 2D and 3D complex structures and perform phase identification and/or strain mapping using micro-diffraction. The aim is to enable in situ and in operando experiments that require spatially correlated results from both techniques, by providing measurements from the same specimen location quasi-simultaneously.

Data processing methods and data acquisition for samples larger than the field of view in parallel-beam tomography.

Parallel-beam tomography systems at synchrotron facilities have limited field of view (FOV) determined by the available beam size and detector system coverage. Scanning the full size of samples bigger than the FOV requires various data acquisition schemes such as grid scan, 360-degree scan with offset center-of-rotation (COR), helical scan, or combinations of these schemes. Though straightforward to implement, these scanning techniques have not often been used due to the lack of software and methods to process such types of data in an easy and automated fashion.

Physics of animal health: on the mechano-biology of hoof growth and form.

Global inequalities in economic access and agriculture productivity imply that a large number of developing countries rely on working equids for transport/agriculture/mining. Therefore, the understanding of hoof conditions/shape variations affecting equids' ability to work is still a persistent concern. To bridge this gap, using a multi-scale interdisciplinary approach, we provide a bio-physical model predicting the shape of equids' hooves as a function of physical and biological parameters.

High-energy, high-resolution, fly-scan X-ray phase tomography.

High energy X-ray phase contrast tomography is tremendously beneficial to the study of thick and dense materials with poor attenuation contrast. Recently, the X-ray speckle-based imaging technique has attracted widespread interest because multimodal contrast images can now be retrieved simultaneously using an inexpensive wavefront modulator and a less stringent experimental setup. However, it is time-consuming to perform high resolution phase tomography with the conventional step-scan mode because the accumulated time overhead severely limits the speed of data acquisition for each projection.

Residual Lattice Strain and Phase Distribution in Ti-6Al-4V Produced by Electron Beam Melting.

Residual stress/strain and microstructure used in additively manufactured material are strongly dependent on process parameter combination. With the aim to better understand and correlate process parameters used in electron beam melting (EBM) of Ti-6Al-4V with resulting phase distributions and residual stress/strains, extensive experimental work has been performed. A large number of polycrystalline Ti-6Al-4V specimens were produced with different optimized EBM process parameter combinations.

Revealing internal flow behaviour in arc welding and additive manufacturing of metals.

Internal flow behaviour during melt-pool-based metal manufacturing remains unclear and hinders progression to process optimisation. In this contribution, we present direct time-resolved imaging of melt pool flow dynamics from a high-energy synchrotron radiation experiment. We track internal flow streams during arc welding of steel and measure instantaneous flow velocities ranging from 0.

Superior techniques for eliminating ring artifacts in X-ray micro-tomography.

Synchrotron-based X-ray micro-tomography systems often suffer severe ring artifacts in reconstructed images. In sinograms the artifacts appear as straight lines or stripe artifacts. These artifacts are caused by the irregular response of a detecting system giving rise to a variety of observed types of stripes: full stripes, partial stripes, fluctuating stripes, and unresponsive stripes.

X-ray phase-contrast imaging with engineered porous materials over 50 keV.

X-ray phase-contrast imaging can substantially enhance image contrast for weakly absorbing samples. The fabrication of dedicated optics remains a major barrier, especially in high-energy regions (i.e.

Identifying the Cause of Rupture of Li-Ion Batteries during Thermal Runaway.

As the energy density of lithium-ion cells and batteries increases, controlling the outcomes of thermal runaway becomes more challenging. If the high rate of gas generation during thermal runaway is not adequately vented, commercial cell designs can rupture and explode, presenting serious safety concerns. Here, ultra-high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging is used at >20 000 frames per second to characterize the venting processes of six different 18650 cell designs undergoing thermal runaway.

Three-dimensional visualization of extracellular matrix networks during murine development.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in embryogenesis, serving both as a substrate to which cells attach and as an active regulator of cell behavior. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal expression patterns and 3D structure of ECM proteins during embryonic development. The lack of suitable methods to visualize the embryonic ECM is largely responsible for this gap, posing a major technical challenge for biologists and tissue engineers.

Processing two-dimensional X-ray diffraction and small-angle scattering data in .

A software package for the calibration and processing of powder X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering data is presented. It provides a multitude of data processing and visualization tools as well as a command-line scripting interface for on-the-fly processing and the incorporation of complex data treatment tasks. Customizable processing chains permit the execution of many data processing steps to convert a single image or a batch of raw two-dimensional data into meaningful data and one-dimensional diffractograms.

Evaluating scintillator performance in time-resolved hard X-ray studies at synchrotron light sources.

The short pulse duration, small effective source size and high flux of synchrotron radiation is ideally suited for probing a wide range of transient deformation processes in materials under extreme conditions. In this paper, the challenges of high-resolution time-resolved indirect X-ray detection are reviewed in the context of dynamic synchrotron experiments. In particular, the discussion is targeted at two-dimensional integrating detector methods, such as those focused on dynamic radiography and diffraction experiments.

Almost a spider: a 305-million-year-old fossil arachnid and spider origins.

Spiders are an important animal group, with a long history. Details of their origins remain limited, with little knowledge of their stem group, and no insights into the sequence of character acquisition during spider evolution. We describe a new fossil arachnid, Idmonarachne brasierigen.

Radial lens distortion correction with sub-pixel accuracy for X-ray micro-tomography.

Distortion correction or camera calibration for an imaging system which is highly configurable and requires frequent disassembly for maintenance or replacement of parts needs a speedy method for recalibration. Here we present direct techniques for calculating distortion parameters of a non-linear model based on the correct determination of the center of distortion. These techniques are fast, very easy to implement, and accurate at sub-pixel level.