In vitro activity of heather [Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull] extracts on selected urinary tract pathogens.

Calluna vulgaris L. Hull (Ericaceae) has been used for treatment of urinary tract infections in traditional medicine. In this study we analyzed in vitro antibacterial activity of the plant extracts on different strains of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Proteus vulgaris, as well as the concentrations of total phenols and flavonoids in the extracts.

Phenolic content, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Erica herbacea L.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations of aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from the leaves and flowers of Erica herbacea L. were studied. In vitro antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by macrodilution method.

Duane type I retraction syndrome associated with Wyburn-Mason syndrome.

Purpose: Our aim is to report the co-existence of Duane's retraction syndrome and Wyburn-Mason syndrome, a rare condition characterized by arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the central nervous system and retina.

Methods: An 11-year-old boy was referred for evaluation of strabismus present since birth. On examination his uncorrected visual acuity was 6/6 in each eye, with small angle left eye esotropia in the primary position, ipsilateral face turn, abduction deficit, lid fissure narrowing in adduction and widening in abduction; plus typical features of left-sided type I Duane syndrome were present.