Intraoral scanning accuracy and trueness for different dental restorations.

Purpose: This in vitro study investigates the accuracy of digital impressions taken with different dental materials. It compares the scan accuracy and trueness of a handheld scanner operated by an experienced clinician, a handheld scanner operated by a robotic arm, and a tabletop scanner. By measuring the number of triangles, average degree, and vertices within the three groups, conclusions about the accuracy of different scanning methods on digital models can be drawn.

Dynamic states of cervical epithelia during pregnancy and epithelial barrier disruption.

The cervical epithelium undergoes changes in proliferation, differentiation, and function that are critical to ensure fertility and maintain pregnancy. Here, we identify cervical epithelial subtypes in non-pregnant, pregnant, and in labor mice using single-cell transcriptome and spatial analysis. We identify heterogeneous subpopulations of epithelia displaying spatial and temporal specificity.

Culture-confirmed Tuberculosis in South African Infants Younger Than 3 Months of Age: Clinical Presentation and Management of Respiratory Complications.

Background: Little is known about the course and management of perinatal tuberculosis (TB). We describe the presentation, medical and surgical management of culture-confirmed TB in infants younger than 3 months of age.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study including all infants younger than 3 months of age with culture-confirmed TB admitted to Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, from March 2003 to June 2015.

Low Dose Carbon Black Nanoparticle Exposure Does Not Aggravate Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice Irrespective of the Presence of Surface Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

Exposure to exogenous noxae, such as particulate matter, can trigger acute aggravations of allergic asthma-a chronic inflammatory airway disease. We tested whether Carbon Black nanoparticles (CBNP) with or without surface polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) aggravate an established allergic airway inflammation in mice. In an ovalbumin mouse model, Printex90 (P90), P90 coated with benzo[a]pyrene (P90-BaP) or 9-nitroanthracene (P90-9NA), or acetylene soot exhibiting a mixture of surface PAH (AS-PAH) was administered twice (70 µL, 100 µg/mL) during an established allergic airway inflammation.

Integration of Orthogonal Signaling by the Notch and Dpp Pathways in Drosophila.

The transcription factor Suppressor of Hairless and its coactivator, the Notch intracellular domain, are polyglutamine (pQ)-rich factors that target enhancer elements and interact with other locally bound pQ-rich factors. To understand the functional repertoire of such enhancers, we identify conserved regulatory belts with binding sites for the pQ-rich effectors of both Notch and BMP/Dpp signaling, and the pQ-deficient tissue selectors Apterous (Ap), Scalloped (Sd), and Vestigial (Vg). We find that the densest such binding site cluster in the genome is located in the BMP-inducible nab locus, a homolog of the vertebrate transcriptional cofactors NAB1/NAB2 We report three major findings.

Defective innate immunity and hyperinflammation in newborn cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-knockout ferret lungs.

Mucociliary clearance (MCC) and submucosal glands are major components of airway innate immunity that have impaired function in cystic fibrosis (CF). Although both of these defense systems develop postnatally in the ferret, the lungs of newborn ferrets remain sterile in the presence of a functioning cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. We evaluated several components of airway innate immunity and inflammation in the early CF ferret lung.

Microsatellite repeat instability fuels evolution of embryonic enhancers in Hawaiian Drosophila.

For ∼30 million years, the eggs of Hawaiian Drosophila were laid in ever-changing environments caused by high rates of island formation. The associated diversification of the size and developmental rate of the syncytial fly embryo would have altered morphogenic gradients, thus necessitating frequent evolutionary compensation of transcriptional responses. We investigate the consequences these radiations had on transcriptional enhancers patterning the embryo to see whether their pattern of molecular evolution is different from non-Hawaiian species.

Weight change in pediatric TennCare recipients referred to a commercial weight loss program.

Background: The epidemic of overweight and obesity in the United States is not limited to adults but also affects children and adolescents. Low-income children are disparately affected because they have an elevated risk for developing obesity. Effective interventions are urgently needed to prevent and treat obesity in children.

The association of self-reported sleep, weight status, and academic performance in fifth-grade students.

Background: To improve support and justification for health promotion efforts in schools, it is helpful to understand how students' health behaviors affect academic performance.

Methods: Fifth-grade students completed an online school-administered health survey with questions regarding their eating behavior, physical activity, academic performance, and sleep patterns. Differences in health behaviors were examined by sex, self-reported weight status, and sufficient (≥9 hours) versus insufficient sleep.

Cluster analysis of the national weight control registry to identify distinct subgroups maintaining successful weight loss.

The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) is the largest ongoing study of individuals successful at maintaining weight loss; the registry enrolls individuals maintaining a weight loss of at least 13.6 kg (30 lb) for a minimum of 1 year. The current report uses multivariate latent class cluster analysis to identify unique clusters of individuals within the NWCR that have distinct experiences, strategies, and attitudes with respect to weight loss and weight loss maintenance.

Healthy action against poverty: a descriptive analysis of food redistribution charity clients in Berlin, Germany.

Background: The socio-economic gap and its associated health inequalities are increasing in Germany. Actions against poverty include the redistribution of foods through charities. One project supported by the main German food redistribution charity is offering fresh produce including mostly fruits, vegetables and bread to people receiving welfare in Berlin, Germany.

Knowledge of risk factors, and warning signs of stroke: a systematic review from a gender perspective.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death globally. Awareness of stroke risk factors and warning signs are important for stroke prevention and seeking care. The purpose of this systematic review was to review existing literature that assessed the knowledge of stroke risk factors and warning signs and allowed separate gender analysis.

Identifying the energy gap in the German population using results from representative national health surveys (1985-2002).

Objective: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing in most countries, including Germany. The idea of estimating the population-wide energy gap that is likely responsible for the epidemic has recently been introduced and discussed.

Design: Using published estimates of body weight from population-based data of national health surveys (1985-2002), the energy gap was calculated by estimating the distribution of the rate of weight gain within the German population (25-69 years of age) and the amount of excess energy storage that is responsible for this population-wide pattern of weight gain.

A small-changes approach reduces energy intake in free-living humans.

Objective: America On the Move (AOM) is a national weight gain prevention initiative that promotes small lifestyle changes by increasing walking by 2000 steps/day and reducing energy intake by about 100 kcal/day. The study's intent was to determine the impact of these small changes recommendations on steps/day and energy intake.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, food and fluid intake and physical activity in 116 healthy overweight adults (BMI: 25-36 kg/m(2); age: 18-60y) was compared between a non-intervention and an intervention week using diet diaries and pedometers.

Do calorie-controlled portion sizes of snacks reduce energy intake?

In a cross-over study, participants (n=59) were randomly assigned to receive either 100 kcal packs or standard size packages of snacks for 1 week. After a minimum of a 1-week washout period, participants received the other form of the snack for 1 week. Snack consumption was recorded by participants in a diary.

Step-counter determined walking in youth in Colorado.

Background: Results from a statewide telephone survey of walking showed that the average adult in Colorado takes 6804 steps/d, and that steps/d were negatively associated with body mass index. No similar data exist for children.

Methods: As part of the Colorado survey, demographic information was obtained from parents for 116 children.

Influence of physiological and subjective arousal on food intake in humans.

Objectives: This study explored the influence of physiologic and subjective arousal on ambient factors of the food environment, such as the eating location, the presence of other people, sound, and time of day and on food intake. It was hypothesized that the influence of environmental stimuli on food intake would be mediated by arousal.

Methods: College students were asked to wear heart rate monitors and to record their food intake in a 7-d diet diary.

Listening to music while eating is related to increases in people's food intake and meal duration.

The relationship of listening to music while eating with food consumption in the natural environment was assessed in 78 college students. They recorded their food intake along with environmental factors such as meal duration, music, including speed and volume, location, number of people present and the time of day in a detailed diet diary for 7 consecutive days. The data show that the presence of music is associated with higher food intake.

Effect of ambience on food intake and food choice.

Eating takes place in a context of environmental stimuli known as ambience. Various external factors such as social and physical surroundings, including the presence of other people and sound, temperature, smell, color, time, and distraction affect food intake and food choice. Food variables such as the temperature, smell, and color of the food also influence food intake and choice differently.

Television viewing is associated with an increase in meal frequency in humans.

In sample of 76 undergraduate students (mostly female) in the USA, television viewing was associated with increased meal frequency and as a result with increased daily intake of energy.

Food intake in the real world: implications for nutrition and aging.

Nutrient intakes are affected by two classes of factors, physiological and environmental. In the real world, environmental variables such as social factors, palatability, and the time of eating appear to have large influences on amounts ingested in the short-term. Physiological control mechanisms also operate to regulate intake, and they induce compensatory responses to deviations from the norm.

Multiplicity distribution and spectra of negatively charged hadrons in Au+Au collisions at square root of (sNN) = 130 GeV.

The minimum-bias multiplicity distribution and the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions for central collisions have been measured for negative hadrons ( h(-)) in Au+Au interactions at square root of ([s(NN)]) = 130 GeV. The multiplicity density at midrapidity for the 5% most central interactions is dN(h(-))/d(eta)/(eta = 0) = 280+/-1(stat)+/-20(syst), an increase per participant of 38% relative to pp collisions at the same energy. The mean transverse momentum is 0.

Pion Interferometry of square root of (s(NN)) =130 GeV Au + Au collisions at RHIC.

Two-pion correlation functions in Au+Au collisions at square root of [s(NN)] = 130 GeV have been measured by the STAR (solenoidal tracker at RHIC) detector. The source size extracted by fitting the correlations grows with event multiplicity and decreases with transverse momentum. Anomalously large sizes or emission durations, which have been suggested as signals of quark-gluon plasma formation and rehadronization, are not observed.

Midrapidity antiproton-to-proton ratio from Au+Au collisions at sqrt [s(NN)]=130 GeV.

We report results on the ratio of midrapidity antiproton-to-proton yields in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 130 GeV per nucleon pair as measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. Within the rapidity and transverse momentum range of /y/<0.5 and 0.