High school athletes' practical knowledge on where to find and order third-party tested nutritional supplements increases after education when compared to a control group.

To promote safe supplement use, athletes are advised to choose third-party tested (TPT) supplements to minimise doping risk. This study evaluated changes in knowledge on supplements in US high school athletes from a 2-week online supplement education programme. One group of sophomores (ED, n = 48) completed a Canvas course on safe supplement use, based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, while the other group of freshmen (NOED, n = 38) did not.

Neutrophil Activation Markers and Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment Response to the JAK1/2 Inhibitor Baricitinib.

Objective: Neutrophils play an important role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We assessed whether baricitinib, a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, could reduce neutrophil activation and whether a neutrophil activation score could predict treatment response.

Methods: Markers of neutrophil activation, calprotectin, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in plasma from patients with RA (n = 271) and healthy controls (n = 39).

Enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score predicts hepatic decompensation and mortality.

Background & Aims: In community pathways for detection of liver disease the most common reason for referral is fibrosis assessment. We investigated the impact of adding the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score as a second-line test (subsequent to an indeterminate or high Fibrosis-4 index [FIB-4] and/or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score) to guide referral and prognostication in our multi-aetiology pathway.

Methods: Patients with ELF results from the intelligent Liver Function Testing (iLFT) pathway were recruited.

AI as a Medical Device for Ophthalmic Imaging in Europe, Australia, and the United States: Protocol for a Systematic Scoping Review of Regulated Devices.

Background: Artificial intelligence as a medical device (AIaMD) has the potential to transform many aspects of ophthalmic care, such as improving accuracy and speed of diagnosis, addressing capacity issues in high-volume areas such as screening, and detecting novel biomarkers of systemic disease in the eye (oculomics). In order to ensure that such tools are safe for the target population and achieve their intended purpose, it is important that these AIaMD have adequate clinical evaluation to support any regulatory decision. Currently, the evidential requirements for regulatory approval are less clear for AIaMD compared to more established interventions such as drugs or medical devices.

Parenthood and Glee: An online study to examine differences between viewers and non-viewers of television shows featuring a character with a developmental disability.

We present findings from our study, which examined whether ability to identify Down syndrome and autism was linked to participants' willingness to maintain social contact with individuals with the respective conditions. Additionally, we explored whether viewers and non-viewers of and television shows featuring a character with autism and Down syndrome respectively, differed in their awareness, beliefs regarding causes and interventions, and desire to maintain social proximity with individuals with these conditions. Participants completed an online survey, which included vignettes based on Max, the character with autism from Parenthood and Becky, the character with Down syndrome from Glee as well as the adapted Intellectual Disabilities Literacy Scale.

Optimal ALT threshold for the automated diagnosis of MASLD: A population-based study using iLFT.

Introduction And Objectives: Early diagnosis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), especially with advanced fibrosis, is crucial due to the increased risk of complications and mortality. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is commonly used; however, many patients have normal ranges (<55 U/L) who may remain undetected. We investigated the clinical implications of a lower ALT cut-off (>30 U/L) using intelligent liver function testing (iLFT) to identify MASLD patients with and without advanced fibrosis in primary care.

Drowning is fast, silent, and preventable: a Texas example of research in action.

Drowning is a major public health issue internationally. In August 2022, a report was released by members of the Central Texas Drowning Prevention Action Team that provided data on drowning fatalities in Texas between 2006 and 2020 and offered recommendations for drowning prevention actions. The information in the Texas drowning report is an important contribution to the field of injury prevention.

Artificial Intelligence Improves Patient Follow-Up in a Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Program.

Purpose: We examine the rate of and reasons for follow-up in an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based workflow for diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening relative to two human-based workflows.

Patients And Methods: A DR screening program initiated September 2019 between one institution and its affiliated primary care and endocrinology clinics screened 2243 adult patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes without a diagnosis of DR in the previous year in the San Francisco Bay Area. For patients who screened positive for more-than-mild-DR (MTMDR), rates of follow-up were calculated under a store-and-forward human-based DR workflow ("Human Workflow"), an AI-based workflow involving IDx-DR ("AI Workflow"), and a two-step hybrid workflow ("AI-Human Hybrid Workflow").

Implementation of point-of-care HbA1C instruments into community pharmacies: Initial development of a pathway for robust community testing.

Background: Point-of-care (POC) analysers in community settings can provide opportunistic and regular HbA1c monitoring. Community pharmacies in NHS Scotland are utilised by populations at greatest risk of type two diabetes (T2D). This study describes initial development of an HbA1c pathway using a POC analyser in community pharmacies.

A Deep-Learning Algorithm to Predict Short-Term Progression to Geographic Atrophy on Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

Importance: The identification of patients at risk of progressing from intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD) to geographic atrophy (GA) is essential for clinical trials aimed at preventing disease progression. DeepGAze is a fully automated and accurate convolutional neural network-based deep learning algorithm for predicting progression from iAMD to GA within 1 year from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans.

Objective: To develop a deep-learning algorithm based on volumetric SD-OCT scans to predict the progression from iAMD to GA during the year following the scan.

Early progression and transformation of a splenic diffuse red pulp small B-cell lymphoma with NOTCH1, ARID2, CREBBP, and TNFRSF14 gene mutations.

Splenic diffuse red pulp small B-cell lymphoma (SDRPL) is a rare entity. Diagnosis is typically achieved with splenectomy and most patients remain in remission after this intervention. Hemoglobin value less than 10 g/dL and NOTCH1, TP53, and MAP2K1 gene mutations at diagnosis have been associated with worse outcome.

AI-Human Hybrid Workflow Enhances Teleophthalmology for the Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy.

Objective: Detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) outside of specialized eye care settings is an important means of access to vision-preserving health maintenance. Remote interpretation of fundus photographs acquired in a primary care or other nonophthalmic setting in a store-and-forward manner is a predominant paradigm of teleophthalmology screening programs. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based image interpretation offers an alternative means of DR detection.

Multimodal Imaging, Tele-Education, and Telemedicine in Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease that affects retinal vasculature in premature infants and remains one of the leading causes of blindness in childhood worldwide. ROP screening can encounter some difficulties such as the lack of specialists and services in rural areas. The evolution of technology has helped address these issues and led to the emergence of state-of-the-art multimodal digital imaging devices such fundus cameras with its variable properties, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, and fluorescein angiography which has helped immensely in the process of improving ROP care and understanding the disease pathophysiology.

Health-Related Social Control and Perceived Stress Among High-Risk Latina Mothers with Type 2 Diabetes and Their At-Risk Adult Daughters.

Background: Diabetes-related multi-morbidity and cultural factors place Latinas with diabetes at increased risk for stress, which can threaten illness management. Families provide an ideal focus for interventions that seek to strengthen interpersonal resources for illness management and, in the process, to reduce stress. The current study sought to examine whether participating in a dyadic intervention was associated with reduced perceived stress and, furthermore, whether this association was mediated by persuasion and pressure, two forms of health-related social control.

Encouraging Mental Health Care in Family Medicine Residents.

Introduction: Residency training is associated with stress and burnout that can contribute to poor mental health. However, residents are less likely to utilize mental health services due to perceived barriers such as lack of time and concerns about confidentiality, among others.1 There is a need to promote help-seeking behavior and improve access to mental health services during residency training.

Predicting Systemic Health Features from Retinal Fundus Images Using Transfer-Learning-Based Artificial Intelligence Models.

While color fundus photos are used in routine clinical practice to diagnose ophthalmic conditions, evidence suggests that ocular imaging contains valuable information regarding the systemic health features of patients. These features can be identified through computer vision techniques including deep learning (DL) artificial intelligence (AI) models. We aim to construct a DL model that can predict systemic features from fundus images and to determine the optimal method of model construction for this task.

Silicone hydrogel contact lenses retain and document ocular surface lipid mediator profiles.

Clinical Relevance: A leading reason for patients to abandon their contact lenses is discomfort. Mechanisms and biomarkers for lens discomfort remain to be elucidated.

Background: Physical stress and tear film interaction are likely factors for lens discomfort.

Mechanism of action of baricitinib and identification of biomarkers and key immune pathways in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objectives: To elucidate the mechanism of action of baricitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitor, and describe immunological pathways related to disease activity in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) receiving standard background therapy in a phase II trial.

Methods: Patients with SLE were treated with baricitinib 2 mg or 4 mg in a phase II randomised, placebo-controlled study. Sera from 239 patients (baricitinib 2 mg: n=88; baricitinib 4 mg: n=82; placebo: n=69) and 49 healthy controls (HCs) were collected at baseline and week 12 and analysed using a proximity extension assay (Target 96 Inflammation Panel (Olink)).

Thrombocytosis and abnormal liver enzymes: A trigger for investigation of underlying malignancy.

Background: Thrombocytosis is often an incidental finding in primary care with a range of causes. Despite evidence of a strong association between thrombocytosis and malignancy, guidelines for investigating thrombocytosis in the absence of red flag symptoms remain unclear. A novel automated system of laboratory analysis, intelligent Liver Function Testing (iLFT), launched in Tayside in 2018 and has identified a patient group with thrombocytosis and abnormal liver test (LFT) results.

Prediction and analysis of functional RNA structures within the integrative genomics viewer.

In recent years, interest in RNA secondary structure has exploded due to its implications in almost all biological functions and its newly appreciated capacity as a therapeutic agent/target. This surge of interest has driven the development and adaptation of many computational and biochemical methods to discover novel, functional structures across the genome/transcriptome. To further enhance efforts to study RNA secondary structure, we have integrated the functional secondary structure prediction tool ScanFold, into IGV.

From Data to Deployment: The Collaborative Community on Ophthalmic Imaging Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Objective: Health care systems worldwide are challenged to provide adequate care for the 200 million individuals with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to make a significant, positive impact on the diagnosis and management of patients with AMD; however, the development of effective AI devices for clinical care faces numerous considerations and challenges, a fact evidenced by a current absence of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved AI devices for AMD.

Purpose: To delineate the state of AI for AMD, including current data, standards, achievements, and challenges.

Cancer Diagnoses Following Abnormal Noninvasive Prenatal Testing: A Case Series, Literature Review, and Proposed Management Model.

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a screening test for fetal chromosomal aneuploidy using cell-free DNA derived from maternal blood. It has been rapidly accepted into obstetric practice because of its application from 10-weeks' gestation, and its high sensitivity and specificity. NIPT results can be influenced by several factors including placental or maternal mosaicism and co-twin demise; cell-free DNA from a maternal origin can also complicate interpretation, with evidence that NIPT can detect previously unsuspected malignancies.