Expertise Redundancy, Transactive Memory, and Team Performance in Interdisciplinary Care Teams.

Objective: To examine how expertise redundancy and transactive memory (TM) in interdisciplinary care teams (ICTs) are related to team performance.

Data Sources/study Setting: Survey and administrative data were collected from 26 interdisciplinary mental health teams.

Study Design: The study used a longitudinal, observational design.

Developing Workforce Capacity in Public Health Informatics: Core Competencies and Curriculum Design.

We describe a master's level public health informatics (PHI) curriculum to support workforce development. Public health decision-making requires intensive information management to organize responses to health threats and develop effective health education and promotion. PHI competencies prepare the public health workforce to design and implement these information systems.

Assessing medical home mechanisms: certification, asthma education, and outcomes.

Objectives: Patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs) represent a widespread model of healthcare transformation. Despite evidence that PCMHs can improve care quality, the mechanisms by which they improve outcomes are relatively unexamined. We aimed to assess the mechanisms linking certification as a Health Care Home (HCH), a statewide PCMH initiative, with asthma care quality and outcomes.

Public Reporting of Primary Care Clinic Quality: Accounting for Sociodemographic Factors in Risk Adjustment and Performance Comparison.

Performance measurement and public reporting are increasingly being used to compare clinic performance. Intended consequences include quality improvement, value-based payment, and consumer choice. Unintended consequences include reducing access for riskier patients and inappropriately labeling some clinics as poor performers, resulting in tampering with stable care processes.

Using Statewide Data on Health Care Quality to Assess the Effect of a Patient-Centered Medical Home Initiative on Quality of Care.

Patient-centered medical homes comprise a large portion of modern health care redesign. However, most efforts have reflected rigid, limited models of transformation. In addition, evaluations of their impact on quality of care have relied on data designed for other purposes.

Health Reform in Minnesota: An Analysis of Complementary Initiatives Implementing Electronic Health Record Technology and Care Coordination.

Background: Minnesota enacted legislation in 2007 that requires all health care providers in the state to implement an interoperable electronic health record (EHR) system by 2015. 100% of hospitals and 98% of clinics had adopted EHR systems by end of 2015. Minnesota's 2008 health reform included a health care home (HCH) program, Minnesota's patient centered medical home.

Staff Turnover in Assertive Community Treatment (Act) Teams: The Role of Team Climate.

Staff turnover in Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) teams can result in interrupted services and diminished support for clients. This paper examines the effect of team climate, defined as team members' shared perceptions of their work environment, on turnover and individual outcomes that mediate the climate-turnover relationship. We focus on two climate dimensions: safety and quality climate and constructive conflict climate.

An exploration of management practices in hospitals.

Background: Management practices, including, for example, "Lean" methodologies originally developed at Toyota, may represent one mechanism for improving healthcare performance.

Methods: We surveyed 597 nurse managers at cardiac units to score management on the basis of poor, average, or high performance on 18 practices across 4 dimensions (Lean operations, performance measurement, targets, and employee incentives). We assessed the relationship of management scores to hospital characteristics (size, non-profit status) and market level variables.

Encounter Preparedness, Satisfaction, and Performance Effects of Influence in Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) Teams.

Assertive community treatment (ACT) teams are linked to high quality outcomes for individuals with severe mental illness. This paper tests arguments that influence shared between team members is associated with better encounter preparedness, higher work satisfaction, and improved performance in ACT teams. Influence is conceptualized in three ways: the average level according to team members, the team's evaluation of the dispersion of team member influence, and as the person-organization fit of individual perception of empowerment.

Is the system really the solution? Operating costs in hospital systems.

Hospital system formation has recently accelerated. Executives emphasize scale economies that lower operating costs, a claim unsupported in academic research. Do systems achieve lower costs than freestanding facilities, and, if so, which system types? We test hypotheses about the relationship of cost with membership in systems, larger systems, and centralized and local hub-and-spoke systems.

Modern Management Practices and Hospital Admissions.

We investigate whether the modern management practices and publicly reported performance measures are associated with choice of hospital for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We define and measure management practices at approximately half of US cardiac care units using a novel survey approach. A patient's choice of a hospital is modeled as a function of the hospital's performance on publicly reported quality measures and the quality of its management.

Assessing Diabetes Care Disparities with Ambulatory Care Quality Measures.

Objective: To identify and describe racial/ethnic disparities in overall diabetes management.

Data Source/study Setting: Electronic health record data from calendar year 2010 were obtained from all primary care clinics at one large health system in Minnesota (n = 22,633).

Study Design: We used multivariate logistic regression to estimate the odds of achieving the following diabetes management goals: A1C <8 percent, LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dl, blood pressure <140/90 mmHg, tobacco-free, and daily aspirin.

Improving chronic disease care by adding laypersons to the primary care team: a parallel randomized trial.

Background: Improving the quality and efficiency of chronic disease care is an important goal.

Objective: To test whether patients with chronic disease working with lay "care guides" would achieve more evidence-based goals than those receiving usual care.

Design: Parallel-group randomized trial, stratified by clinic and conducted from July 2010 to April 2012.

Differential effects of professional leaders on health care teams in chronic disease management groups.

Background: Leadership by health care professionals is likely to vary because of differences in the social contexts within which they are situated, socialization processes and societal expectations, education and training, and the way their professions define and operationalize key concepts such as teamwork, collaboration, and partnership. This research examines the effect of the nurse and physician leaders on interdependence and encounter preparedness in chronic disease management practice groups.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of complementary leadership by nurses and physicians involved in jointly producing a health care service on care team functioning.

Management practices and the quality of care in cardiac units.

Importance: To improve the quality of health care, many researchers have suggested that health care institutions adopt management approaches that have been successful in the manufacturing and technology sectors. However, relatively little information exists about how these practices are disseminated in hospitals and whether they are associated with better performance.

Objectives: To describe the variation in management practices among a large sample of hospital cardiac care units; assess association of these practices with processes of care, readmissions, and mortality for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI); and suggest specific directions for the testing and dissemination of health care management approaches.

What can we learn from the existing evidence of the business case for investments in nursing care: importance of content, context, and policy environment.

Decisions of health care institutions to invest in nursing care are often guided by mixed and conflicting evidence of effects of the investments on organizational function and sustainability. This paper uses new evidence generated through Interdisciplinary Nursing Quality Research Initiative (INQRI)-funded research and published in peer-reviewed journals, to illustrate where the business case for nursing investments stands and to discuss factors that may limit the existing evidence and its transferability into clinical practice. We conclude that there are 3 limiting factors: (1) the existing business case for nursing investments is likely understated due to the inability of most studies to capture spillover and long-run dynamic effects, thus causing organizations to forfeit potentially viable nursing investments that may improve long-term financial stability; (2) studies rarely devote sufficient attention to describing the content and the organization-specific contextual factors, thus limiting generalizability; and (3) fragmentation of the current health care delivery and payment systems often leads to the financial benefits of investments in nursing care accruing outside of the organization incurring the costs, thus making potentially quality-improving and cost-saving interventions financially unattractive from the organization's perspective.

The changing configuration of hospital systems: centralization, federalization, or fragmentation?

Purpose: Research on hospital system organization is dated and cross-sectional. We analyze trends in system structure during 2000-2010 to ascertain whether they have become more centralized or decentralized.

Design/methodology/approach: We test hypotheses drawn from organization theory and estimate empirical models to study the structural transitions that systems make between different "clusters" defined by the American Hospital Association.

The teamwork in assertive community treatment (TACT) scale: development and validation.

Objective: Team design is meticulously specified for assertive community treatment (ACT) teams, yet performance can vary across ACT teams, even those with high fidelity. By developing and validating the Teamwork in Assertive Community Treatment (TACT) scale, investigators examined the role of team processes in ACT performance.

Methods: The TACT scale measuring ACT teamwork was developed from a conceptual model grounded in organizational research and adapted for the ACT and mental health context.

Care guides: an examination of occupational conflict and role relationships in primary care.

Background: Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of primary care treatment of patients with chronic illness is an important goal in reforming the U.S. health care system.

Care guides: employing nonclinical laypersons to help primary care teams manage chronic disease.

Lay persons ("care guides") without previous clinical experience were hired by a primary care clinic, trained for 2 weeks, and assigned to help 332 patients and their providers manage their diabetes, hypertension, and congestive heart failure. One year later, failure by these patients to meet nationally recommended guidelines was reduced by 28%, P < .001.

Public health systems: a social networks perspective.

Objective: To examine the relationship between public health system network density and organizational centrality in public health systems and public health governance, community size, and health status in three public health domains.

Data Sources/study Setting: During the fall and the winter of 2007-2008, primary data were collected on the organization and composition of eight rural public health systems.

Study Design: Multivariate analysis and network graphical tools are used in a case comparative design to examine public health system network density and organizational centrality in the domains of adolescent health, senior health, and preparedness.

Rural Emergency Department staffing and participation in emergency certification and training programs.

Context: The practice of emergency medicine presents many challenges in rural areas.

Purpose: We describe how rural hospitals nationally are staffing their Emergency Departments (EDs) and explore the participation of rural ED physicians and other health care professionals in selected certification and training programs that teach skills needed to provide high-quality emergency care.

Methods: A national telephone survey of a random sample of rural hospitals with 100 or fewer beds was conducted in June to August 2006.

The evolving role of third parties in the hospital physician relationship.

Hospital-physician relationships (HPRs) are a key concern for both parties. Hospital interest has been driven historically by the desire for the physician's clinical business, the need to combat managed care, and now the threats posed by single specialty hospitals, medical device vendors, and consumerism. Physician interest has been driven by fears of managed care and desires for new sources of revenue.