Cold induces increased ad libitum energy intake independent of changes in energy expenditure: a controlled crossover trial in adults.

Background: Measures of energy metabolism [energy expenditure (EE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER)] have been associated with ad libitum energy intake (EI) and weight gain in previous observational studies, suggesting that energy-sensing mechanisms drive EI to meet metabolic energy demands.

Objective: We aimed to employ mild cold exposure as an intervention to alter energy metabolism and evaluate its causal effects on concurrent and next day ad libitum EI.

Methods: In a controlled crossover study, 47 volunteers (16 female; age 37.

Emerging debates and resolutions in brown adipose tissue research.

Until two decades ago, brown adipose tissue (BAT) was studied primarily as a thermogenic organ of small rodents in the context of cold adaptation. The discovery of functional human BAT has opened new opportunities to understand its physiological role in energy balance and therapeutic applications for metabolic disorders. Significantly, the role of BAT extends far beyond thermogenesis, including glucose and lipid homeostasis, by releasing mediators that communicate with other cells and organs.

Hepatic Insulin Resistance Increases Risk of Gallstone Disease in Indigenous Americans in the Southwestern United States.

Introduction: Animal models indicate that hepatic insulin resistance (IR) promotes cholesterol gallstone disease (GSD). We sought to determine whether hepatic and whole-body IR is associated with incident GSD.

Methods: At baseline, 450 Southwestern Indigenous American adults without GSD were included.

Reduced plasma interleukin-6 concentration after transcranial direct current stimulation to the prefrontal cortex.

Objectives: Transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS) targeted to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) reduces food intake and hunger, but its effects on circulating factors are unclear. We assessed the effect of repeated administration of tDCS to the left DLPFC (L-DLPFC) on concentrations of pro/anti-inflammatory and appetitive hormone concentrations.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-nine healthy adults with obesity (12 M; 42±11 y; BMI=39±8 kg/m) received 3 consecutive inpatient sessions of either anodal or sham tDCS targeted to the L-DLPFC during a period of ad libitum food intake.

A mixed meal tolerance test predicts onset of type 2 diabetes in Southwestern Indigenous adults.

Background/objective: To identify predictors of incident type 2 diabetes using a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT).

Methods: Adult Indigenous Americans without diabetes (n = 501) from a longitudinal cohort underwent at baseline a 4-h MMTT, measures of body composition, an oral glucose tolerance test, an intravenous glucose tolerance test for acute insulin response (AIR), and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp for insulin action (M). Plasma glucose responses from the MMTT were quantified by the total and incremental area under the curve (AUC/iAUC).

Acid accumulation is associated with metabolic alterations; higher energy, fat, and protein intake; and energy expenditure.

Objective: The objective of this study was to study how acid accumulation (lower plasma bicarbonate and higher anion gap [AG] and corrected anion gap [CAG]) correlates with metabolic parameters, food intake, and 24-h energy expenditure (EE).

Methods: Acid accumulation was measured in 286 healthy adults with estimated glomerular filtration rate > 60 mL/min/1.73 m.

Impaired metabolic flexibility to fasting is associated with increased ad libitum energy intake in healthy adults.

Objective: We investigated how changes in 24-h respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and substrate oxidation during fasting versus an energy balance condition influence subsequent ad libitum food intake.

Methods: Forty-four healthy, weight-stable volunteers (30 male and 14 female; mean [SD], age 39.3 [11.

Ultrashort echo time MRI detects significantly lower collagen but higher pore water in the tibial cortex of female patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI can quantify the major proton pool densities in cortical bone, including total (TWPD), bound (BWPD), and pore water (PWPD) proton densities, as well as the macromolecular proton density (MMPD), associated with the collagen content, which is calculated using macromolecular fraction (MMF) from UTE magnetization transfer (UTE-MT) modeling. This study aimed to investigate the differences in water and collagen contents in tibial cortical bone, between female osteopenia (OPe) patients, osteoporosis (OPo) patients, and young participants (Young). Being postmenopausal and above 55 yr old were the inclusion criteria for OPe and OPo groups.

Insulin resistance before type 2 diabetes onset is associated with increased risk of albuminuria after diabetes onset: A prospective cohort study.

Aim: Reduced renal insulin signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of albuminuria. We sought to investigate whether insulin action and secretion, measured before diabetes onset, are associated with the development of albuminuria after diabetes onset.

Materials And Methods: Baseline body composition, insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp at submaximal and maximal insulin stimulation (240 and 2400 pmol/m/min; M-low and M-high), and insulin secretion by intravenous glucose tolerance test [acute insulin response (AIR)] were measured in 170 Southwestern Indigenous American adults who subsequently developed diabetes.

Dietary Adherence Is Associated with Perceived Stress, Anhedonia, and Food Insecurity Independent of Adiposity.

We examined whether perceived stress, anhedonia, and food insecurity were associated with dietary adherence during a 6-week intervention. Sixty participants (23 m; 53 ± 14 y) completed psychosocial measures and were provided with full meals. Individuals with obesity were randomized to a weight-maintaining energy needs (WMENs) ( = 18; BMI 33 ± 4) or a 35% calorie-reduced diet (n = 19; BMI 38 ± 9); normal-weight individuals (n = 23; BMI 23 ± 2) were assigned to a WMENs diet.

Controlling the toxicity of biomass-derived difunctional molecules as potential pharmaceutical ingredients for specific activity toward microorganisms and mammalian cells.

A biomass-derived difuran compound, denoted as HAH (HMF-Acetone-HMF), synthesized by aldol-condensation of 5-hydroxyfurfural (HMF) and acetone, can be partially hydrogenated to provide an electron-rich difuran compound (PHAH) for Diels-Alder reactions with maleimide derivatives. The nitrogen (N) site in the maleimide can be substituted by imidation with amine-containing compounds to control the hydrophobicity of the maleimide moiety in adducts of furans and maleimide by Diels-Alder reaction, denoted as norcantharimides (Diels-Alder adducts). The structural effects on the toxicity of various biomass-derived small molecules synthesized in this manner to regulate biological processes, defined as low molecular weight (≤ 1000 g/mol) organic compounds, were investigated against diverse microbial and mammalian cell types.

Yoga Plus Mantram Repetition to Reduce Chronic Pain in Veterans With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Feasibility Trial.

Background: Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are more likely to report chronic pain than veterans without PTSD. Yoga has been shown to reduce both chronic pain and PTSD symptoms in clinical trials. The goal of our study was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that combined yoga and mantram repetition (Yoga + MR) into one program for military veterans with both chronic pain and PTSD.

Establishing Quantifiable Guidelines for Antimicrobial α/β-Peptide Design: A Partial Least-Squares Approach to Improve Antimicrobial Activity and Reduce Mammalian Cell Toxicity.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising candidates to combat pathogens that are resistant to conventional antimicrobial drugs because they operate through mechanisms that involve membrane disruption. However, the use of AMPs in clinical settings has been limited, at least in part, by their susceptibility to proteolytic degradation and their lack of selectivity toward pathogenic microbes vs mammalian cells. We recently reported on the design of α- and β-peptide oligomers structurally templated upon the naturally occurring α-helical AMP aurein 1.

Investigation of seasonality of human spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure in respiratory chamber in Phoenix, Arizona.

Objective: The existence of seasonal changes in energy metabolism is uncertain. We investigated the relationship between the seasons and spontaneous physical activity (SPA), energy expenditure (EE), and other components measured in a respiratory chamber.

Methods: Between 1985-2005, 671 healthy adults (aged 28.

Diagnostic criteria and etiopathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its complications: Lessons from the Pima Indians.

The Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases has conducted prospective studies of diabetes and its complications in the Pima Indians living in Arizona, USA for over 50 years. In this review we highlight areas in which these studies provided vital insights into the criteria used to diagnose type 2 diabetes, the pathophysiologic changes that accompany the development of type 2 diabetes, and the course and determinants of diabetes complications-focusing specifically on diabetic kidney disease. We include data from our longitudinal population-based study of diabetes and its complications, studies on the role of insulin resistance and insulin secretion in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, and in-depth studies of diabetic kidney disease that include measures of glomerular function and research kidney biopsies.

Validation of Total Water Intake from the Automated Self-Administered 24-h Recall, 4-d Food Records, and a Food Frequency Questionnaire Using Doubly Labeled Water.

Background: Although prior evidence indicates that water intake is important for health, the ability to accurately measure community-dwelling intake is limited. Only a few studies have evaluated self-reported water intake against an objective recovery biomarker.

Objectives: The aim was to compare preformed water intakes (all sources including food) by multiple Automated Self-Administered 24-h recalls (ASA24s), food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), and 4-d food records (4DFRs) against a recovery biomarker, doubly labeled water (DLW), to assess measurement error.

Greater anhedonia scores in healthy individuals are associated with less decline in 24-hour energy expenditure with fasting: Evidence for a link between behavioral traits and spendthrift phenotype.

Obesity rates are increasing and affecting mental health. It is important to understand how behavioral traits such as anhedonia are associated with physiologic traits that may predict weight-change in clinical and non-clinical populations. We studied whether 24-hour energy expenditure (24hEE) changes with fasting and overfeeding are associated with anhedonia in a healthy cohort.

Closed-loop control of air supply to whole-room indirect calorimeters to improve accuracy and standardize measurements during 24-hour dynamic metabolic studies.

Objective: The aim of this study was to test proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control of air inflow rate in a whole-room indirect calorimeter to improve accuracy in measuring oxygen (O ) consumption ( ) and carbon dioxide (CO ) production ( ).

Methods: A precision gas blender infused nitrogen (N ) and CO into the calorimeter over 24 hours based on static and dynamic infusion profiles mimicking and patterns during resting and non-resting conditions. Constant (60 L/min) versus time-variant flow set by a PID controller based on the CO concentration was compared based on errors between measured versus expected values for respiratory exchange ratio, and metabolic rate.

Disinhibition augments thirst perception from two dehydrating stimuli in men.

Physiological systems controlling water and energy ingestion are coordinated. Whether maladaptive eating behavior and appetite for water are linked is unknown. Thus, we sought to investigate the association between maladaptive eating and both thirst and water drinking behavior with two dehydrating conditions.

The association between gut hormones and diet-induced metabolic flexibility in metabolically healthy adults.

Objective: This study investigated whether interindividual variance in diet-induced metabolic flexibility is explained by differences in gut hormone concentrations.

Methods: A total of 69 healthy volunteers with normal glucose regulation underwent 24-hour assessments of respiratory quotient (RQ) in a whole-room indirect calorimeter during eucaloric feeding (EBL; 50% carbohydrate, 30% fat) and then, in a crossover design, during 24-hour fasting and three normal-protein (20%) overfeeding diets (200% energy requirements). Metabolic flexibility was defined as the change in 24-hour RQ from EBL during standard (50% carbohydrate), high-fat (60%), and high-carbohydrate (75%) overfeeding diets.

Energy expenditure measurements are reproducible in different whole-room indirect calorimeters in humans.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the agreement of commonly reported energy metabolism measurements obtained from two different whole-room indirect calorimeters (WRICs).

Methods: Nine healthy adult volunteers were evaluated over four separate 24-hour periods in a crossover design, twice in two different WRICs of different sizes, each operated according to the Room Indirect Calorimetry Operating and Reporting Standards published in 2020. The reproducibility of repeated measurements was quantified by the coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Water intake, thirst, and copeptin responses to two dehydrating stimuli in lean men and men with obesity.

Objective: Physiological systems responsible for water homeostasis and energy metabolism are interconnected. This study hypothesized altered responses to dehydration including thirst, ad libitum water intake, and copeptin in men with obesity.

Methods: Forty-two men (22 lean and 20 with obesity) were stimulated by a 2-hour hypertonic saline infusion and a 24-hour water deprivation.

Comparing Types of Yoga for Chronic Low Back and Neck Pain in Military Personnel: A Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Chronic low back pain (cLBP) and chronic neck pain (cNP) are highly prevalent conditions and common reasons for disability among military personnel. Yoga and other mind-body interventions have been shown to safely decrease pain and disability in persons with cLBP and/or cNP but have not been adequately studied in active duty military personnel. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of delivering 2 types of yoga (hatha and restorative) to a sample of active-duty military personnel with cLBP/cNP.