Mechanism and Application of Biomaterials Targeting Reactive Oxygen Species and Macrophages in Inflammation.

Inflammation, an adaptive reaction to harmful stimuli, is a necessary immune system response and can be either acute or chronic. Since acute inflammation tends to eliminate harmful stimuli and restore equilibrium, it is generally advantageous to the organism. Chronic inflammation, however, is caused by either increased inflammatory signaling or decreased pro-anti-inflammatory signaling.

Factual and counterfactual learning in major adolescent depressive disorder, evidence from an instrumental learning study.

Background: The incidence of adolescent depressive disorder is globally skyrocketing in recent decades, albeit the causes and the decision deficits depression incurs has yet to be well-examined. With an instrumental learning task, the aim of the current study is to investigate the extent to which learning behavior deviates from that observed in healthy adolescent controls and track the underlying mechanistic channel for such a deviation.

Methods: We recruited a group of adolescents with major depression and age-matched healthy control subjects to carry out the learning task with either gain or loss outcome and applied a reinforcement learning model that dissociates valence (positive .