Breast milk in neonate oral care: oropharyngeal effects in extremely preterm infants.

Unlabelled: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a frequent nosocomial infection in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Extremely preterm infants are at highest risk of developing VAP. Several studies indicate that oral care included in a preventive protocol effectively reduces neonatal VAP incidence.

Contaminated Incubators: Source of a Multispecies Enterobacter Outbreak of Neonatal Sepsis.

The genus Enterobacter includes species responsible for nosocomial outbreaks in fragile patients, especially in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Determining the primary source of infection is critical to outbreak management and patient outcomes. In this investigation, we report the management and control measures implemented during an Enterobacter outbreak of bloodstream infections in premature babies.

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Gamma Variants among Symptomatic Pregnant Women: A Two-Center Retrospective Cohort Study between France and Brazil.

New variants of SARS-CoV-2 are a major source of concern, especially for pregnant women and in the perinatal context. The primary aim of this study was to compare the severity of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women depending on strain predominance between wild-type Alpha and Gamma variants. The secondary aim was to study the impact of these strains on obstetrical and neonatal outcomes.

Activation of class 1 integron integrase is promoted in the intestinal environment.

Class 1 integrons are widespread genetic elements playing a major role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. They allow bacteria to capture, express and exchange antibiotic resistance genes embedded within gene cassettes. Acquisition of gene cassettes is catalysed by the class 1 integron integrase, a site-specific recombinase playing a key role in the integron system.

: a New Approach to Identify Species within the Genus Enterobacter.

The taxonomy of the genus Enterobacter can be confusing and has been considerably revised in recent years. We propose a PCR and amplicon sequencing technique based on a partial sequence of the gene for species assignment consistent with DNA-DNA digital hybridization (dDDH) and pairwise average nucleotide identity (ANI). We performed a validation of the method by comparing the type strains of each species, sequences obtained from the GenBank database, and clinical specimens.

Presence of 2-hydroxymyristate on endotoxins is associated with death in neonates with complex septic shock.

complex species are involved in infections among critically ill patients. After a recent outbreak of fulminant neonatal septic shock, we conducted a study to determine whether septic shock severity and its lethal consequence are related to structural features of the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) of the strains isolated from hospitalized infants and more specifically its lipid A region. It appeared that the LPSs are very heterogeneous, carrying fifteen different molecular species of lipid A.

Improving tuberculosis management in prisons: Impact of a rapid molecular point-of-care test.

Objective: To improve tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in prison, we evaluate the value of the XpertMTB/RIF Ultra assay (Xpert) as point-of-care (POC) in a French prison hospital.

Methods: We first validated Xpert use on raw sputum at the referent laboratory. Secondly, trained physicians at the prison hospital performed Xpert tests for each patient presenting TB symptoms.

Post lockdown COVID-19 seroprevalence and circulation at the time of delivery, France.

Background: To fight the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown has been decreed in many countries worldwide. The impact of pregnancy as a severity risk factor is still debated, but strict lockdown measures have been recommended for pregnant women.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on the seroprevalence and circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in a maternity ward in an area that has been significantly affected by the virus.

Evaluation of an 'all-in-one' seven-day whole-genome sequencing solution in the investigation of a Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit.

Background: Meticillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA) are responsible for outbreaks in intensive care units. MSSA infections have the same morbidity and mortality rate as MRSA infections but are studied less often. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is used increasingly for outbreak monitoring, but still requires specific installation and trained personnel to obtain and analyse the data.

Emergence and Within-Host Genetic Evolution of Methicillin-Resistant Resistant to Linezolid in a Cystic Fibrosis Patient.

Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) infection has increased in recent years among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Linezolid (LZD) is one of the antistaphylococcal antibiotics widely used in this context. Although LZD resistance is rare, it has been described as often associated with long-term treatments.

Cell Count Analysis from Nonbronchoscopic Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Preterm Infants.

Objectives: To establish the reference values, diagnostic accuracy, and effect of various factors on cell count in intubated preterm neonates subjected to nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage.

Study Design: This prospective, cross-sectional, blinded study included preterm neonates ventilated for any reason who underwent nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage if they had not previously received postnatal antibiotics or steroids. Lavage was performed before surfactant replacement, if any.

Early prosthetic joint infection due to Ureaplasma urealyticum: Benefit of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for diagnosis.

Detection of the most frequently bacteria involved in prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is usually performed by conventional cultures. We report a case of early PJI due to Ureaplasma urealyticum, diagnosed by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, which highlights the interest of molecular methods if fastidious bacteria are involved in PJI.

Inventory of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in France as Assessed by a Multicenter Study.

The objective of this study was to perform an inventory of the extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates responsible for infections in French hospitals and to assess the mechanisms associated with ESBL diffusion. A total of 200 nonredundant ESBL-producing strains isolated from clinical samples were collected during a multicenter study performed in 18 representative French hospitals. Antibiotic resistance genes were identified by PCR and sequencing experiments.

Mutation in the L3 Ribosomal Protein Could Be Associated with Risk of Selection of High-Level Linezolid-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains.

Linezolid (LZD) has arisen as an alternative treatment in diabetic foot osteitis due to staphylococci. LZD resistance selection is difficult and involved various molecular mechanisms. As a better knowledge of those mechanisms could be beneficial for pathogenic strains' screening, we simulated in vitro the spontaneous mutagenesis process that leads to LZD-resistant strains from two Staphylococcus epidermidis strains responsible for monomicrobial diabetic foot osteitis.

Benefits of Rapid Molecular Diagnosis of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Infections in Women Attending Family Planning Clinics.

We evaluated the benefits of on-demand systematic screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae using the Xpert CT/NG assay in 589 women attending family planning clinics. The sexually transmitted infection prevalence was 16.5% with 15.

Susceptibility trends including emergence of linezolid resistance among coagulase-negative staphylococci and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from invasive infections.

Multiresistance in staphylococci constitutes a major challenge for the antimicrobial chemotherapy of invasive infections such as bacteraemia or bone and joint infections (BJIs). A nationwide prospective study was performed to detect antimicrobial resistance trends among staphylococci causing invasive infections. Between October 2011 and February 2012, 367 meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 695 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were collected from 37 French hospitals, mainly from bacteraemia (59.

[The new tools of microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis].

This review focuses on the role of new tools in the "modern" microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis. Traditional techniques of microscopy and culture remain essential to diagnostic certainty, but some innovations replace daily the older techniques such as the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by immunochromatography or mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF type from positive cultures, or susceptibility testing in liquid medium. New tools that use molecular techniques have become important.

First autochthonous familial cluster of invasive community-acquired leukocidin-positive methicillin-resistant USA300 Staphylococcus aureus in France.

For the first time, it was reported in France a cluster of autochthonous severe community-acquired (CA) infections due to the USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone. The three cases belonged to the same family without any identified clue of abroad importation pathway. The domestic spread of USA300 in France is of concern.

Group A Streptococcus endometritis following medical abortion.

Medical abortion is not recognized as a high-risk factor for invasive pelvic infection. Here, we report two cases of group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) endometritis following medical abortions with a protocol of oral mifepristone and misoprostol.

The emergence of linezolid resistance among Enterococci in intestinal microbiota of treated patients is unrelated to individual pharmacokinetic characteristics.

Linezolid is an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of multiresistant Gram-positive infections. We assessed the impact of linezolid on the microbiota and the emergence of resistance and investigated its relationship with plasma pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic. Twenty-eight patients were treated for the first time with linezolid administered orally (n = 17) or parenterally (n = 11) at 600 mg twice a day.

Bacillus cereus and severe intestinal infections in preterm neonates: Putative role of pooled breast milk.

Background: Bacillus cereus is an environmental pathogen whose spores resist the usual cleaning procedure applied by the food industry and hospitals. We reported a cluster of severe intestinal infections due to B cereus in 2 very low birth weight neonates from a neonatal intensive care unit.

Methods: Environmental sampling and bacteriological analysis of pooled breast milk (PBM) were performed.

Prevalence of resistance to antiseptics and mupirocin among invasive coagulase-negative staphylococci from very preterm neonates in NICU: the creeping threat?

In neonatal intensive care units, topical agents represent an increasing part of the infection control armamentarium. Fifty-one coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from catheter-associated bloodstream infections in very preterm neonates were investigated in this study: 41.2% exhibited decreased susceptibility to at least one antiseptic (chlorhexidine 12%, benzalkonium 24%, acriflavine 33%) and 61% were resistant to mupirocin.