Decomposing decision-making in preschoolers: Making decisions under ambiguity versus risk.

Decision-making in the real world involves multiple abilities. The main goal of the current study was to examine the abilities underlying the Preschool Gambling task (PGT), a preschool variant of the Iowa Gambling task (IGT), in the context of an integrative decision-making framework. Preschoolers (n = 144) were given the PGT along with four novel decision-making tasks assessing either decision-making under ambiguity or decision-making under risk.

Enhanced train-the-trainer program for registered nurses and social workers to apply the founding principles of primary care in their practice: a pre-post study.

Background: A train-the-trainer approach can effectively support the integration of new practice standards for health and social services professionals. This study describes the effects of an enhanced train-the-trainer program to support registered nurses and social workers working in primary care clinics in their understanding of the fundamental principles of primary care.

Methods: We implemented an enhanced train-the-trainer program for registered nurses and social workers in six primary care clinics.

Changes in appetite during acute passive intermittent and continuous hypoxemia in postprandial and fasting states: A combined analysis of four laboratory-based randomized crossover trials.

Hypoxemia occurs during exposure to high altitude (continuous hypoxemia) or in the context of breathing disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA; intermittent hypoxemia). Growing evidence demonstrates that hypoxemia induces an anorexigenic effect on appetite; however, few studies have assessed hypoxemia-related reductions in appetite during acute passive exposures and during intermittent hypoxemia. This study thus pooled together four same-single-site randomized crossover trials using simulated models of high altitude (fraction of inspired oxygen = 0.

Energy balance and obesity: the emerging role of glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists.

Purpose Of Review: With obesity affecting over one billion people globally, understanding and managing this complex condition is more crucial than ever. This review explores the emerging role of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) in weight management, focusing on their impact on energy balance. It highlights the necessity of this investigation due to the limited knowledge on both the short-term and long-term implications of GLP-1RA on energy expenditure (EE) and energy intake (EI).

Effects of 2 months of methylphenidate on energy expenditure in individuals with obesity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.

Methylphenidate (MPH) has been previously shown to increase resting energy expenditure (REE) in individuals of normal weight; however, the effects on individuals living with obesity are currently unknown. Ten individuals living with obesity were randomly assigned to undergo 60 days of MPH administration with a daily dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight or a placebo control.

Cancer Spheroids Embedded in Tissue-Engineered Skin Substitutes: A New Method to Study Tumorigenicity In Vivo.

Tumorigenic assays are used during a clinical translation to detect the transformation potential of cell-based therapies. One of these in vivo assays is based on the separate injection of each cell type to be used in the clinical trial. However, the injection method requires many animals and several months to obtain useful results.

Gut peptides before and following Roux-En-Y gastric bypass: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

A systematic search was conducted in Medline Ovid, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up until March 2021 following PRISMA guidelines. Studies included evaluated ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY or appetite sensation via visual analogue scales (VASs) before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in adults. A multilevel model with random effects for study and follow-up time points nested in study was fit to the data.

Production of Tissue-Engineered Skin Substitutes for Clinical Applications: Elimination of Serum.

Tissue-engineered skin substitutes (TESs) are used as a treatment for severe burn injuries. Their production requires culturing both keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The methods to grow these cells have evolved over the years, but bovine serum is still commonly used in the culture medium.

Dietary pulses as a means to improve the gut microbiome, inflammation, and appetite control in obesity.

A dysbiotic intestinal microbiome has been linked to chronic diseases such as obesity, which may suggest that interventions that target the microbiome may be useful in treating obesity and its complications. Appetite dysregulation and chronic systemic low-grade inflammation, such as that observed in obesity, are possibly linked with the intestinal microbiome and are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity via the microbiome. Dietary pulses (e.

Cumulative childhood trauma, sex motives and sexual satisfaction among emerging adults.

Background: To better understand sexual satisfaction in emerging adults, previous research has emphasized the importance of considering the role of developmental experiences, such as cumulative childhood trauma (CCT; the number of different forms of abuse and neglect sustained during childhood). However, the mechanisms by which CCT and sexual satisfaction are related remain unknown. Sex motives are suggested as an explanatory mechanism given the previously found associations between sex motives and both sexual satisfaction and CCT.

A Newly Developed Chemically Defined Serum-Free Medium Suitable for Human Primary Keratinocyte Culture and Tissue Engineering Applications.

In our experience, keratinocytes cultured in feeder-free conditions and in commercially available defined and serum-free media cannot be as efficiently massively expanded as their counterparts grown in conventional bovine serum-containing medium, nor can they properly form a stratified epidermis in a skin substitute model. We thus tested a new chemically defined serum-free medium, which we developed for massive human primary keratinocyte expansion and skin substitute production. Our medium, named Surge Serum-Free Medium (Surge SFM), was developed to be used alongside a feeder layer.

Trade off-free entanglement stabilization in a superconducting qutrit-qubit system.

Quantum reservoir engineering is a powerful framework for autonomous quantum state preparation and error correction. However, traditional approaches to reservoir engineering are hindered by unavoidable coherent leakage out of the target state, which imposes an inherent trade off between achievable steady-state state fidelity and stabilization rate. In this work we demonstrate a protocol that achieves trade off-free Bell state stabilization in a qutrit-qubit system realized on a circuit-QED platform.

Appetite Changes in Weight Regain and Weight Maintenance After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

Purpose: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery produces significant weight loss. However, a number of patients experience weight regain years after surgery. Factors driving weight regain after surgical interventions are currently being explored.

Co-design, implementation, and evaluation of an expanded train-the-trainer strategy to support the sustainability of evidence-based practice guides for registered nurses and social workers in primary care clinics: a developmental evaluation protocol.

Background: The implementation of evidence-based innovations is incentivized as part of primary care reform in Canada. In the Province of Québec, it generated the creation of interprofessional care models involving registered nurses and social workers as members of primary care clinics. However, the scope of practice for these professionals remains variable and suboptimal.

Acute Ingestion of Ketone Monoesters and Precursors Do Not Enhance Endurance Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

There has been much consideration over whether exogenous ketone bodies have the capacity to enhance exercise performance through mechanisms such as altered substrate metabolism, accelerated recovery, or neurocognitive improvements. This systematic review aimed to determine the effects of both ketone precursors and monoesters on endurance exercise performance. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL for randomized controlled trials investigating endurance performance outcomes in response to ingestion of a ketone supplement compared to a nutritive or nonnutritive control in humans.

Interindividual differences in energy intake after sleep restriction: The role of personality and implicit attitudes toward food.

Sleep restriction (SR) often leads to an increase in energy intake (EI). However, large variability in EI after SR is often observed, which suggests that individual characteristics may affect food intake. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of characteristics generally associated with risk-taking (sensitivity to reward and personality traits: impulsiveness, sensation seeking) and implicit attitudes toward food on EI after sleep loss.

Blockade of Serotonin 5-HT Receptor Constitutive Activity Alleviates Cognitive Deficits in a Preclinical Model of Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common inherited disorder caused by mutations of the gene that encodes the Ras-GTPase activating protein neurofibromin, leading to overactivation of Ras-dependent signaling pathways such as the mTOR pathway. It is often characterized by a broad range of cognitive symptoms that are currently untreated. The serotonin 5-HT receptor is a potentially relevant target in view of its ability to associate with neurofibromin and to engage the mTOR pathway to compromise cognition in several cognitive impairment paradigms.

The relative reinforcing value of snack food is a significant predictor of fat loss in women with overweight or obesity.

Reinforcing Relative Value (RRV) of food and impulsivity are associated with energy intake and obesity. This study investigated the degree to which changes in RRV and impulsivity independently or interactively predict changes in body weight and composition in women with overweight or obesity engaged in either fast or slow weight loss programs. Body weight, body composition, impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale), and RRV snack (computerized Behavioural Choice Task) were measured at baseline and post-intervention in 30 women with obesity undergoing either slow ( = 14, -500 kcal/day, 20 weeks) or fast ( = 16, -1000 kcal/day, 10 weeks) weight reduction.

No association between dopaminergic polymorphisms and response to treatment of binge-eating disorder.

Background: The genetics of binge-eating disorder (BED) is an emerging topic, with dopaminergic genes being implicated in its etiology due to the role that dopamine (DA) plays in food reward sensitivity and self-regulation of eating behavior. However, no study to date has examined if DA genes influence response to behavioral treatment of BED.

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to examine the ability of DA-associated polymorphisms to predict BED treatment response measured using binge frequency over 12 months.

Systematic Analysis of the Stress-Induced Genomic Instability of Type Three Secretion System in subsp. .

The type three secretion system (TTSS) locus of subsp. , located on the plasmid pAsa5, is known to be lost when the bacterium is grown at temperatures of 25 °C. The loss of the locus is due to the recombination of the insertion sequences flanking the TTSS region.

Emerging insights in weight management and prevention: implications for practice and research.

Recent advances in foundational research on energy balance and weight loss shed new light on earlier findings. Emerging evidence and insights around mental illness and client-centred, weight-inclusive approaches have implications for practitioners. This paper provides an overview of opinions from invited experts who presented at the Canadian Nutrition Society Thematic Conference in January 2019.

Early changes in appetite and energy expenditure are not associated to body weight and fat losses in pre-menopausal women living with overweight/obesity.

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate whether early changes (1-week) in energy balance-related measures would predict changes in body weight (BW) and fat losses in women living with overweight/obesity.

Methods: BW, body composition (DXA), resting energy expenditure (REE)(indirect calorimetry), olfactory performance (Sniffin' Sticks), appetite and palatability (visual analogue scale) were measured at baseline, after a 1-week of caloric restriction as well as post-intervention (at 10 and 20 weeks) in a group of 30 women living with overweight/obesity.

Results: A significant decrease in REE (p = 0.