Cabbage and Sauerkraut Consumption in Adolescence and Adulthood and Breast Cancer Risk among US-Resident Polish Migrant Women.

Background: Breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality are lower in Poland than in the United States (US). However, Polish-born migrant women to US approach the higher BC mortality rates of US women. We evaluated the association between consumption of cabbage/sauerkraut foods and BC risk in Polish-born migrants to US.

Accuracy of self-reported weight in the Women's Health Initiative.

Objective: To assess the extent of error present in self-reported weight data in the Women's Health Initiative, variables that may be associated with error, and to develop methods to reduce any identified error.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Forty clinical centres in the USA.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Anthropometric Measures as Risk Factors for Diabetes.

Objective: The study objective was to examine the impact of race/ethnicity on associations between anthropometric measures and diabetes risk.

Research Design And Methods: A total of 136,112 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years participating in the Women's Health Initiative without baseline cancer or diabetes were followed for 14.6 years.

Evolutionary Origins of the Differences in Osteoporosis Risk in US Populations.

Over the past 50 years, it has been increasingly evident that there are population differences in bone mass and the risk of osteoporosis. In the United States, many studies have reported a lower prevalence of osteoporosis in African Americans compared with people of European descent. If we trace the trajectory of changes in lifeways from the earliest migrations of early Homo out of Africa over the past two million years or so, to include lower vitamin D levels in higher latitudes; more meat in the diet; increasing sedentism; and a longer lifespan/longer postmenopausal period, it is not surprising that osteoporosis occurs more frequently in populations of European descent.

Longitudinal study of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) effects on bone health in adolescents: study design, population characteristics and baseline bone mineral density.

Background: This analysis was conducted to assess the baseline data and design methodology within an observational longitudinal comparison of use vs. nonuse of the injectable (intramuscular) contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM) and its effect on bone mass in adolescent women.

Study Design: A prospective, observational, open-label, unmatched-cohort, safety study in females aged 11-18 years.

Comparisons of body size, composition, and whole body bone mass between North American and South African children.

Unlabelled: We compared whole body BMC of 811 black, white, and mixed ancestral origin children from Detroit, MI; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Cape Town, South Africa. Our findings support the role of genetic and environmental influences in the determination of bone mass in prepubertal children.

Introduction: Higher bone mass and lower fracture rates have been shown in black compared with white children and adults in North America.

Genetic determinants of bone mass do not relate with breast cancer risk in US white and African-American women.

Introduction: The association between high bone mass and increased breast cancer risk has been established. Identification of polymorphisms and the resultant variant receptors suggests the possibility of differential effects on hormone responsive genes when complexed with the hormones. Both estrogen receptor-alpha (ER) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms have been associated with bone density.

Sex and ethnic differences in bone architecture.

Technologic developments and applications such as dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography have enabled researchers to assess bone quantity (ie, bone mineral density) and bone quality (ie, bone architecture), which are two important and independent contributions to bone strength. Recent studies on sex differences in bone architecture indicate that a number of biomechanical variables lead to increased bone strength in males compared with females. Ethnic differences in bone architecture are less clear-cut, indicating a need to identify and test the social and biologic variables that race and ethnicity represent.

Comparison of cross-sectional geometry of the proximal femur in white and black women from Detroit and Johannesburg.

Unlabelled: There are known black-white differences in bone density measured by DXA but less is known about bone architecture. We compared cross-sectional geometric properties of the proximal femur in U.S.

Trabecular and integral bone density in adults with sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary disorder of hemoglobin synthesis that can affect the skeletal system owing to accelerated hematopoiesis and/or bone infarction. Additionally, several studies have suggested that a low bone mass is associated with SCD, partly because of adverse effects on growth and development. The few previous studies of bone mineral density (BMD) in these patients have utilized dual-photon or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric (DXA) techniques, which may have limited value in this population because it cannot correct for differences in bone size.

Radiographic measurements, bone mineral density, and the Singh Index in the proximal femur of white and black postmenopausal women.

Background: Radiographic measurements, bone mineral density (BMD), and the Singh Index were examined to assess ethnic differences in the architecture and trabecular patterns in the proximal femur.

Methods: We measured height (cm), weight (kg), and the following radiographic variables in 326 white and black postmenopausal women participating in the Women's Health Initiative at the Clinical Center in Detroit, MI: neck breadth, inferior neck cortical thickness, head diameter, subtrochanteric breadth, and subtrochanteric medial and lateral cortical thicknesses. Bone densitometry was performed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR 1000 plus; Hologic Inc, Bedford, MA) at 5 regional sites in the proximal femur.