Effectiveness of Swirl Water Mist Nozzles for Fire Suppression.

Water mist nozzles are becoming increasingly popular as water extinguishing devices in buildings, increasing people's safety during evacuation. There are questions as to whether or not they are as effective as conventional sprinkler systems. The measurement of the size distribution of the created droplets is one of the components for determining the extinguishing effectiveness of water mist nozzles.

Firefighters' Clothing Contamination in Fires of Electric Vehicle Batteries and Photovoltaic Modules-Literature Review and Pilot Tests Results.

The electric vehicle (EV) market, together with photovoltaic (PV) installations continues to develop at a pace. However, there are concerns that EV and PV installation fires may create more harmful substances than other types of fire. PV modules and car battery fires emit a range of carcinogenic and highly toxic compounds that are not yet fully understood and may pose a threat to firefighters' health.

LPG Cars in a Car Park Environment-How to Make It Safe.

Alternative and innovative fuel types are being introduced to power cars. These include liquified petroleum gas (LPG) gas and hydrogen energy sources. However, they also introduce new hazards, requiring revised thinking with respect to safety within car parking environments.