How to quantify sleepiness during an attempt to sleep?

. Sleepiness assessment tools were mostly developed for detection of an elevated sleepiness level in the condition of sleep deprivation and several medical conditions. However, sleepiness occurs in various other conditions including the transition from wakefulness to sleep during an everyday attempt to get sleep.

The yin and yang of two opponent processes of sleep-wake regulation: Sex-associated differences in the spectral EEG markers of the drives for sleep and wake.

Although objectively measured characteristics of sleep efficiency and quality were found to be better in women than men, women more frequently than men suffer from poor or insufficient or non-restorative sleep. We explored this apparent paradox by testing the sex-associated differences in electroencephalographic (EEG) indicators of two opponent processes of sleep-wake regulation, the drives for sleep and wake. We tried to provide empirical support for the hypothesis that a stronger women's sleep drive can explain better objective characteristics of sleep quality in women than men, while a stronger women's wake drive can be an explanation of a higher frequency of sleep-related complaints in women than men.

Synthesis of 4-Alkyl-2-chloro Imidazoles Using Intermolecular Radical Additions.

Here, we report an intermolecular radical addition-based reaction sequence that permits preparation of functionalized imidazoles via a 5-step/3-pot procedure. In contrast to traditional, transition-metal mediated protocols, which generally provide access to 2-substituted imidazoles, the strategy described here allows incorporation of a structurally diverse range of complex alkyl side chains at the 4-position. This work demonstrates that intermolecular free-radical addition reactions are a powerful alternative to traditional methods used to synthesize medicinally important heterocyclic frameworks.

[The effectiveness of suggestive techniques to improve sleep is enhanced by combining with sound stimulus based on binaural beats].

Objective: To test the hypothesis of the difference between 3 means of sleep latency (SL) during falling asleep: accompanied by audio stimulus embedded with binaural beats (BB); after listening to suggestive body relaxation instructions; accompanied by audio stimulus embedded with BB after listening to suggestive body relaxation instructions (that is the combination of 1 and 2).

Material And Methods: For the purpose of the study, a special Android application was developed and installed on the subjects' individual smartphones. The application assumed screen tapping test to control for fall-asleep process.

Thermogravimetric, kinetic study and gas emissions analysis of the thermal decomposition of waste-derived fuels.

A wide range of wastes can potentially be used to generate thermal and electrical energy. The co-combustion of several types of waste as part of water-containing waste-derived fuels is a promising method for their recovery. In this research, we use thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry to study the thermal behavior and kinetics of coal slime, biomass, waste oils, and blends on their basis.

Effect of Heliogeophysical and Atmospheric Factors on the Degree of Synchronization of Ultradian Rhythms of Body Temperature in Mice.

In a long-term (8 months) study, we examined the degree of synchronization of ultradian body temperature oscillations of two isolated groups of mice kept under constant dim illumination. In most cases, the periods of increased activity accompanied by rapid elevation of body temperature coincided in these groups of mice, but in some days, no significant synchronization between the examined parameters was observed. Analysis of the effects of environmental factors on the degree of synchronization of ultradian rhythms in mice revealed association of this parameter with the dynamics of atmospheric pressure (AtmP) and to a lesser extent with the vertical component of interplanetary magnetic field Bz.

Evening chronotype, insufficient weekday sleep, and weekday-weekend gap in sleep times: What is really to blame for a reduction in self-perceived health among university students?

The association of insufficient sleep with reduced self-perceived health was previously well established. Moreover, it was sometimes shown that the indicators of poorer health were significantly related to chronotype and weekday-weekend gaps in sleep timing and duration. It remains to be elucidated, however, whether chronotype and these gaps can contribute to the reduced health self-ratings independently from shortened sleep duration or, alternatively, their relationship with health can be simply explained by their association with insufficient sleep on weekdays.

[Correlation of the Karolinska sleepiness scale with performance variables of the monotonous bimanual psychomotor test].

Objective: To assess the objectivity of measuring the level of sleepiness in the subjects using a monotonous psychomotor bimanual tapping test developed by us, performed on mobile devices running Android OS.

Material And Methods: Four hundred and ninety-four hour-long experiments with the performance of a psychomotor test were conducted on 102 students. Using the method of mixed linear models, correlations between the levels of sleepiness according to the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the behavioral indicators of the test were evaluated.

[Monotonous sound stimuli embedded with either binaural or monaural beats have the same effect on sleep latency: study on a large subject group].

Objective: The aim of this study was to test on a large group of subjects the hypothesis that sleep latency (SL) does not depend on the nature of low-frequency beats embedded into monotonous sound stimulus supplied through the fall-asleep process. Specifically, it does not depend on whether those beats are monaural (MB) or binaural (BB).

Material And Methods: A special application for Android OS was developed and installed on the individual smartphones of 221 subjects for the purpose of the study.

Analysis two types of K complexes on the human EEG based on classical continuous wavelet transform.

In our work, we compare EEG time-frequency features for two types of K-complexes detected in volunteers performing the monotonous psychomotor test with their eyes closed. Type I K-complexes preceded spontaneous awakenings, while after type II K-complexes, subjects continued to sleep at least for 10 s after. The total number of K-complexes in the group of 18 volunteers was 646, of which of which type I K-complexes was 150 and type II K-complexes was 496.

Anthropogenic emissions from coal-water slurry combustion: Influence of component composition and registration methods.

The flue gas composition is often measured using a combination of techniques that differ in terms of both physical operation principle and type of output. Gas analyzers, FTIR spectrometers, and mass spectrometers are the most popular tools used for this purpose. In this research, we study the composition of the flue gas from the combustion of fuel slurries and dry composite fuels based on industrial and agricultural waste.

Gas composition during thermochemical conversion of dry solid fuels and waste-derived slurries.

Coal has long remained a promising and widely used energy resource all over the world. Special emphasis is usually put on the research and development of environmentally friendly technologies for the use of coal and coal processing waste. The development of slurry fuels based on coal waste is one of the promising ways to use raw materials with energy potential, recover wastes, and reduce the environmental load.

[Interhemispheric asymmetry of EEG rhythm connections during spontaneous awakenings after short sleep episodes during a monotonous psychomotor test].

Objective: To study interhemispheric asymmetry (IHA) according to electroencephalography (EEG) data of a healthy person during cognitive awakening from the second stage of daytime sleep before restoring the performance of the psychomotor test.

Material And Methods: In 23 healthy adult subjects, we studied IHA in the amplitude-amplitude interaction of EEG rhythms for 20 sec segments before spontaneous awakening determined by the moment the alpha-rhythm appearance on the EEG and the subsequent onset of psychomotor activity. The state of the subject during this period (in the initial stage of the so-called cognitive awakening preceding the behavioral awakening), when the person is unable to move, but is able to perceive external stimuli, is an experimental model for highlighting signs of conscious activity of patients when coming out of a coma.

A Route to 5,5-Dithiospiroketals and to Long-Chain Monomers from the Biomass.

5,5-Dithiospiroketals are prepared by a double radical addition of α,α'-bisxanthyl acetone to an alkene followed by ionic or thermal cleavage of the xanthate groups and acid-catalyzed ring closure. A modification employs α-chloro-α'-xanthyl acetone to give unsymmetrical derivatives. Reductive removal of the sulfur atoms with Raney nickel furnishes long-chain α,ω-diacids, diols, and diamines.

Emissions from the combustion of high-potential slurry fuels.

Slurry fuels based on wood and coal processing and petroleum refinery waste are an environmentally friendly and economically feasible alternative to the conventional solid fuel-coal. As part of this experimental research, we compared a set of fuels (coal and coal-water slurries with and without petrochemicals) by normalizing and calculating the specific concentrations of pollutants from their combustion. The pollutant concentrations were normalized with respect to the mass of burnt fuel, the thermal energy released by combustion, specific mass emissions per unit time, specific maximum mass emissions, and specific mass emissions per 1 kg of fuel equivalent or 1 MJ of thermal energy.

Linking stages of non-rapid eye movement sleep to the spectral EEG markers of the drives for sleep and wake.

The conventional staging classification reduces all patterns of sleep polysomnogram signals to a small number of yes-or-no variables labeled wake or a stage of sleep (e.g., W, N1, N2, N3, and R for wake, the first, second, and third stages of non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, respectively).

When early and late risers were left to their own devices: six distinct chronotypes under "lockdown" remained dissimilar on their sleep and health problems.

Under national "lockdown," the habitual late risers need not wake up early, and, similarly to the early risers, they don't lose much sleep on weekdays. We tested whether, despite a decrease in weekday sleep loss, the difference between distinct chronotypes in health and sleep problems persisted during "lockdown." Two online surveys were conducted from 10th to 20th of May, 2020 and 2021, one of them after 6 non-working weeks and another after 14 working weeks (during and after "lockdown," respectively).

[The effect of music embedded with binaural beats on heart rate parameters during nap].

Objective: To test hypothesis that music embedded with binaural beats can boost activity of parasympathetic part of autonomic nervous system (PPANS) with the development of nap.

Material And Methods: The power of high-frequency component of heart rate variability spectrum computed on successive 2-minute intervals during 20-minute nap was a comparison criterion. The criterion was compared during nap accompanied by music with embedded binaural beats (stimulus condition) and nap in silence (control condition).

[Sleep and neurophysiological correlates of consciousness activation upon awakening].

The authors discuss modern ideas about the neurophysiological mechanisms of awakening from sleep and the results of own EEG studies of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the activity of the cerebral hemispheres using the own experimental model for studying consciousness in the sleep-wake paradigm. This model is based on continuous execution of a monotonous psychomotor test performed lying down with eyes closed and allows observing several short-term sleep episodes during a 1-hour experiment, followed by spontaneous awakening and restoration of the psychomotor test. A necessary condition for the restoration of activity during spontaneous awakening is the emergence of the EEG alpha rhythm, the parameters of which determine the effectiveness of the restoration of the psychomotor test and, accordingly, the achievement of a certain level of consciousness, and therefore can be considered as a neurophysiological correlate of consciousness activation upon awakening.

Composition of a gas and ash mixture formed during the pyrolysis and combustion of coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals.

This paper presents the results of experimental research into the component composition of gases and ash residue from the combustion of a set of high-potential coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals. We have established that the use of slurry fuels provides a decrease in the CO, CH, SO, and NO concentrations as compared to those from coal combustion. The content of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the gas environment from the combustion of slurries is higher due to the intense water evaporation.

Differences between male and female university students in sleepiness, weekday sleep loss, and weekend sleep duration.

Introduction: Women and men experience sleep differently and the difference in intrinsic desire for sleep might underlie some of the observed male-female differences. The objective of this cross-sectional questionnaire study of university students was to determine male-female differences in self-reported sleepiness and sleep-wake patterns.

Methods: Five questionnaires were completed by 1650 students at four Russian universities.

Modular Approach to Substituted Pyridoazepinones.

Pyridoazepinones are potentially interesting structures, yet they are still underexploited in the medicinal chemistry field and hard to obtain synthetically. We present a general and flexible synthetic route to substituted pyridoazepinones, enabled by the xanthate addition-transfer process, which furnishes the target molecules from readily available starting materials in generally good yields. The method shows good functional group tolerance and allows the preparation of pyridoazepinone scaffolds on gram scale.

[Effects of weak low-frequency electromagnetic field on sleep structure during daytime sleep].

Objective: To test the hypothesis that weak electromagnetic fields of low frequencies (0.5-26 Hz) could affect daytime sleep features and structure.

Material And Methods: Parameters of daytime sleep continuity were compared in the study with counterbalanced control/exposition (40 min exposure to electromagnetic field at 1 Hz/0.

Differential relationship of two measures of sleepiness with the drives for sleep and wake.

Purpose: Since disagreement has been found between an objective sleep propensity measured by sleep onset latency (SOL) and subjective sleepiness assessment measured by the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) score, distinct underlying causes and consequences were suggested for these two sleepiness measures. We addressed the issue of validation of the ESS against objective sleepiness and sleep indexes by examining the hypothesis that these two sleepiness measures are disconnected due to their differential relationship with the antagonistic drives for sleep and wake.

Methods: The polysomnographic records of 50-min napping attempts were collected from 27 university students on three occasions.

Age- and gender-associated differences in the sleepy brain's electroencephalogram.

. With the eyes closed, an increase in sleepiness is associated with a decrease of spectral electroencephalographic (EEG) power in the high-frequency rage (i.e.