A tetrafluorophenyl activated ester self-assembled monolayer for the immobilization of amine-modified oligonucleotides.

A tetrafluorophenyl (TFP) ester-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) for the fabrication of DNA arrays on gold surfaces is described. Activated ester SAMs are desirable for biomolecule array fabrication because they readily react with amine-containing molecules to form a stable amide linkage. N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester SAMs are commonly used for this purpose but are subject to a competing hydrolysis side reaction, limiting their effectiveness under basic conditions.

Specific capture of mammalian cells by cell surface receptor binding to ligand immobilized on gold thin films.

Aldehyde-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces were modified with proteins and employed to capture intact living cells through specific ligand-cell surface receptor interactions. In our model system, the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) binding receptor was targeted on baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. Negative control and target proteins were immobilized on a gold surface by coupling protein primary amines to surface aldehyde groups.

Lectin arrays for profiling cell surface carbohydrate expression.

We present a strategy for the analysis of cell surface carbohydrate expression patterns using lectin arrays fabricated on gold surfaces. Antibody and glycoprotein binding experiments showed that the lectins were effectively immobilized on the surface and retained their carbohydrate-binding specificities. The approach was demonstrated in the analysis of carbohydrate expression on two mammalian cell lines.

Immobilization of amine-modified oligonucleotides on aldehyde-terminated alkanethiol monolayers on gold.

Chemistry is described for the fabrication of DNA arrays on gold surfaces. Alkanethiols modified with terminal aldehyde groups are used to prepare a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The aldehyde groups of the monolayer may be reacted with amine-modified oligonucleotides or other amine-bearing biomolecules to form a Schiff base, which may then be reduced to a stable secondary amine by treatment with sodium cyanoborohydride.

Surface amplification of invasive cleavage products.

A major focus of current efforts in genomics is to elucidate the genetic variations extent within the human population, and to study the effects of these variations upon the human system. The most common type of genetic variations are the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which occur every 500-1000 nt in the genome. Large-scale population association studies to study the biological or medical significance of such variations may require the analysis of hundreds of thousands of SNPs on thousands of individuals.