Jeffrey Goldstein: The Nonlinear Dynamical Career of a Nonlinear Dynamicist.

This article analyzes the research career of Jeffrey Goldstein from the perspective of nonlinear dynamical systems. Goldstein's focus was on the application of emergence in complex social systems. He applied emergence to issues in organizational development, leadership, social entrepreneurship, and innovation.

Global niche partitioning of purine and pyrimidine cross-feeding among ocean microbes.

Cross-feeding involves microbes consuming exudates of other surrounding microbes, mediating elemental cycling. Characterizing the diversity of cross-feeding pathways in ocean microbes illuminates evolutionary forces driving self-organization of ocean ecosystems. Here, we uncover a purine and pyrimidine cross-feeding network in globally abundant groups.

Clinical predictors of 3-month isoniazid rifapentine (3HP)-related adverse drug reactions (ADR) during tuberculosis preventive therapy (PAnDoRA-3HP study): an observational study protocol.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of death globally. Despite WHO recommendations for TB preventive therapy (TPT), challenges persist, including incompletion of treatment and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). There is limited data on the 3-month isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP) pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics and their relation with ADRs.

Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment in High TB-Burden Settings: A State-of-the-Art Review.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. The burden is highest in some low- and middle-income countries. One-quarter of the world's population is estimated to have been infected with TB, which is the seedbed for progressing from TB infection to the deadly and contagious disease itself.

Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous analysis of isoniazid and pyrazinamide in cerebrospinal fluid.

For the effective treatment of tuberculosis with first-line anti-tubercular drugs, drug concentrations need to be measured at the site of infection to determine drug exposure. To enable the measurement of the anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid and pyrazinamide in the nervous system of patients with tuberculous meningitis, an analytical method was developed and validated for the quantification of these drugs in human cerebrospinal fluid. Samples were prepared by solid phase extraction using Strata-X polymeric extraction plates.

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the modulated phase grating X-ray interferometer.

X-ray grating interferometry allows for the simultaneous acquisition of attenuation, differential-phase contrast, and dark-field images, resulting from X-ray attenuation, refraction, and small-angle scattering, respectively. The modulated phase grating (MPG) interferometer is a recently developed grating interferometry system capable of generating a directly resolvable interference pattern using a relatively large period grating envelope function that is sampled at a pitch that is small enough that X-ray spatial coherence can be achieved by using a microfocus X-ray source or G0 grating. We present the theory of the MPG interferometry system for a 2-dimensional staggered grating, derived using Fourier optics, and we compare the theoretical predictions with experiments we have performed with a microfocus X-ray system at Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU.

Impact of timing on the invasion of synthetic bacterial communities.

Microbial communities regularly experience ecological invasions that can lead to changes in composition and function. Factors thought to impact susceptibility to invasions, such as diversity and resource use, vary over the course of community assembly. We used synthetic bacterial communities to evaluate the success and impact of invasions occurring at different times during the community assembly process.

Risk-stratified treatment for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis.

The Phase 3 randomized controlled trial, TBTC Study 31/ACTG A5349 (NCT02410772) demonstrated that a 4-month rifapentine-moxifloxacin regimen for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis was safe and effective. The primary efficacy outcome was 12-month tuberculosis disease free survival, while the primary safety outcome was the proportion of grade 3 or higher adverse events during the treatment period. We conducted an analysis of demographic, clinical, microbiologic, radiographic, and pharmacokinetic data and identified risk factors for unfavorable outcomes and adverse events.

Over-reliance on land for carbon dioxide removal in net-zero climate pledges.

Achieving net-zero climate targets requires some level of carbon dioxide removal. Current assessments focus on tonnes of CO removed, without specifying what form these removals will take. Here, we show that countries' climate pledges require approximately 1 (0.

Novel isolates expand the physiological diversity of and illuminate its macroevolution.

is a diverse picocyanobacterial genus and the most abundant phototroph on Earth. Its photosynthetic diversity divides it into high-light (HL)- or low-light (LL)-adapted groups representing broad phylogenetic grades-each composed of several monophyletic clades. Here, we physiologically characterize four new strains isolated from below the deep chlorophyll maximum in the North Pacific Ocean.

Clinical and diagnostic features of central nervous system tuberculosis in Indian children - a descriptive study.

Background: Children with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) present with diagnostic challenges as they often have atypical clinical features.

Objective: To describe the baseline characteristic features of children diagnosed with central nervous system (CNS) TB (TBM and tuberculoma).

Design: Retrospective descriptive study.

Lipid and glucose profiles in pregnant women with HIV on tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy.

Objective: Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens have been associated with adverse changes in lipid and glucose profiles compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based ART, but data in pregnancy is limited. We evaluated metabolic markers in pregnant women with HIV after starting TAF- vs TDF-based ART.

Methods: We analyzed data within the IMPAACT 2010/VESTED trial, which demonstrated better pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women randomized to initiate TAF/Emtricitabine/Dolutegravir (TAF/FTC+DTG; n=217) or TDF/FTC+DTG (n=215).

Target regimen profiles for tuberculosis treatment.

Simpler, shorter, safer and more effective treatments for tuberculosis that are easily accessible to all people with tuberculosis are desperately needed. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed target regimen profiles for the treatment of tuberculosis to make drug developers aware of both the important features of treatment regimens, and patient and programmatic needs at the country level. In view of recent ground-breaking advances in tuberculosis treatment, WHO has revised and updated these regimen profiles.

Pyrazinamide Safety, Efficacy, and Dosing for Treating Drug-Susceptible Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Phase 3, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Optimizing pyrazinamide dosing is critical to improve treatment efficacy while minimizing toxicity during tuberculosis treatment. Study 31/AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5349 represents the largest phase 3 randomized controlled therapeutic trial to date for such an investigation. We sought to report pyrazinamide pharmacokinetic parameters, risk factors for lower pyrazinamide exposure, and relationships between pyrazinamide exposure and efficacy and safety outcomes.

Improved Selectivity and Stability in Methane Dry Reforming by Atomic Layer Deposition on Ni-CeO-ZrO/AlO Catalysts.

Ni can be used as a catalyst for dry reforming of methane (DRM), replacing more expensive and less abundant noble metal catalysts (Pt, Pd, and Rh) with little sacrifice in activity. Ni catalysts deactivate quickly under realistic DRM conditions. Rare earth oxides such as CeO, or as CeO-ZrO-AlO (CZA), are supports that improve both the activity and stability of Ni DRM systems due to their redox activity.

Relationship between HIV viral suppression and multidrug resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes.

The impact of HIV viral suppression on multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment outcomes among people with HIV (PWH) has not been clearly established. Using secondary data from a cluster-randomized clinical trial among people with MDR-TB in South Africa, we examined the effects of HIV viral suppression at MDR-TB treatment initiation and throughout treatment on MDR-TB outcomes among PWH using multinomial regression. This analysis included 1479 PWH.

High-Dose Isoniazid Lacks EARLY Bactericidal Activity against Isoniazid-resistant Tuberculosis Mediated by katG Mutations: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial.

Observational studies suggest that high-dose isoniazid may be efficacious in treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. However, its activity against () with mutations (which typically confer high-level resistance) is not established. To characterize the early bactericidal activity (EBA) of high-dose isoniazid in patients with tuberculosis caused by -mutated .

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains the foremost cause of death by an infectious disease globally. Multidrug-resistant or rifampicin-resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB; resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid, or rifampicin alone) is a burgeoning public health challenge in several parts of the world, and especially Eastern Europe, Russia, Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Pre-extensively drug-resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) refers to MDR/RR-TB that is also resistant to a fluoroquinolone, and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) isolates are additionally resistant to other key drugs such as bedaquiline and/or linezolid.

Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Evidence From a Phase 3 Trial to Support Flat-Dosing of Rifampicin for Tuberculosis.

Background: The optimal dosing strategy for rifampicin in treating drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) is still highly debated. In the phase 3 clinical trial Study 31/ACTG 5349 (NCT02410772), all participants in the control regimen arm received 600 mg rifampicin daily as a flat dose. Here, we evaluated relationships between rifampicin exposure and efficacy and safety outcomes.

Fine needle aspiration of human lymph nodes reveals cell populations and soluble interactors pivotal to immunological priming.

Lymph node (LN) fine needle aspiration (LN FNA) represents a powerful technique for minimally invasive sampling of human LNs in vivo and has been used effectively to directly study aspects of the human germinal center response. However, systematic deep phenotyping of the cellular populations and cell-free proteins recovered by LN FNA has not been performed. Thus, we studied human cervical LN FNAs as a proof-of-concept and used single-cell RNA-sequencing and proteomic analysis to benchmark this compartment, define the purity of LN FNA material, and facilitate future studies in this immunologically pivotal environment.