upregulates PD-L1 mRNA expression in IFN-γ sensitized intestinal epithelial cells and induces cell death in esophageal epithelial cells.

is an oral bacterium that is associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Barrett's esophagus (BE). Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint protein that is used by tumor cells for immune evasion and has increased expression in patients with IBD and BE. We examined whether upregulates PD-L1 expression in intestinal and esophageal epithelial cells.

Thyroid Hormone Use in the United States, 1997-2016.

Background: Thyroid disorders are among the most commonly treated conditions by the United States health care system. The number of patients reporting thyroid hormone use has increased in recent years, but it is unknown if there have been differential increases in the number of treated individuals within different demographic groups. Previous research has also not evaluated how expenditures for different thyroid hormone medications have changed in recent years.