Conversion of acidified lignin containing sulfur discharged from a biorefinery process into neutralized biochar: Characterization and metal adsorption.

The objectives of this study were to produce biochars using sulfur-rich acidified lignin discharged from a biorefinery process and to evaluate their physicochemical properties and Pb adsorption capacity. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the lignin acidified by the desulfurization process was converted to neutralized biochar (LBC), which exhibited high carbon content and stability. The carbon content of biochar manufactured at a pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C or higher was over 90 % and showed no significant difference, and their surface structures were found to be different, as revealed through XRD and FTIR analyses.

Calibration of toroidal visible bremsstrahlung diagnostics and reconstruction of effective charge profiles in Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR).

The investigation of impurity behavior in fusion plasmas is a critical issue in fusion plasma research. The effective charge (Zeff) profile is a widely used measure of the impurity levels in fusion plasmas. In this study, the visible bremsstrahlung emissivity profile is reconstructed using toroidal visible bremsstrahlung (TVB) arrays at Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR).

Colonization of in potting soils as affected by bacterial community composition, storage temperature, and natural amendment.

Unlabelled: This study aimed to characterize the bacterial community of commercial potting soils with or without inoculation at 5-35 °C using 16S metagenomic sequencing and evaluate the effect of natural amendments on the reduction . in non-sterile potting soils. An increase in the expected operational taxonomic units of each sample with or without was proportional to the increasing storage temperatures after 5 days.

Effect of soil organic matter on the plant uptake of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS) in lettuce on granular activated carbon-applied soil.

The presence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS) in crops is an important consideration for food safety. The soil organic matter (SOM) content may affect the adsorption potential of PFOA and PFOS in water and soil and their subsequent uptake in crops. To better understand these dynamics, the adsorption and uptake of PFOA and PFOS in lettuce were investigated using granular activated carbon (GAC)-treated soils with varying SOM content.

Removal of potentially toxic metal by biochar derived from rendered solid residue with high content of protein and bone tissue.

The purpose of this study was to produce rendering animal carcass residue char (RACR-C) by pyrolyzing the solid residues of low-recyclable rendered pig carcasses and to evaluate their cadmium (Cd) adsorption characteristics and mechanisms. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the inorganic content of RACR-C increased, while the carbon content decreased. In particular, the surface structure and chemistry of RACR-Cs prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures were well described by SEM-EDS, XRD, XRF, TGA, and FTIR.

Exploration of the potential capacity of fly ash and bottom ash derived from wood pellet-based thermal power plant for heavy metal removal.

This study was conducted to explore the potential capacity for the removal of heavy metals from the fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) emitted by wood pellet thermal power plants. Fly ash consists of inorganic compounds such as CaSiO, PO, and KO, whereas BA shows properties very similar to the biochar derived from organic biomass. The adsorption properties of both FA and BA for Cd were described well by the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, and the maximum adsorption capacity of FA for Cd was 4.

Utilization of liquid pig manure for resource cycling agriculture in rice-green manure crop rotation in South Korea.

A 2-year field experiment was carried out on rice (Oryza sativa, Japonica type) cultivation in South Korea. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of application of liquid pig manure on biomass production and nutrient supply of green barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) green manure crops and to evaluate the effect of nutrients supplied from these sources on rice yield and soil quality in a rice-green manure crop rotation system.

Cadmium adsorption characteristics of biochars derived using various pine tree residues and pyrolysis temperatures.

This study investigated the characteristics of biochars derived using various pine tree residues and pyrolysis temperatures and evaluated their Cd adsorption behaviors. The characteristics of pine tree residue biochars (PRBs) were dominantly affected by the pyrolysis temperature, and the optimum pyrolysis temperature for Cd adsorption was 600 °C. The adsorption of Cd by PRBs was divided into two stages: rapid adsorption on the initial boundary layer and slow adsorption by intraparticle diffusion.

Signal to noise ratio of upgraded imaging bolometer for KSTAR.

An InfraRed imaging Video Bolometer (IRVB) was installed on KSTAR in 2012 having a ∼2 m × 7 cm × 9 cm Pt foil blackened with graphite and a 5 mm × 5 mm aperture located 7.65 cm from the foil with 16 × 12 channels and a time resolution of 10 ms. The IR camera was an Indigo Phoenix (InSb, 320 × 256 pixels, 435 fps, <25 mK).

One-Pot Transformation of Technical Lignins into Humic-Like Plant Stimulants through Fenton-Based Advanced Oxidation: Accelerating Natural Fungus-Driven Humification.

Commercial humic acids mainly obtained from leonardite are in increasing demand in agronomy, and their market size is growing rapidly because these materials act as soil conditioners and direct stimulators of plant growth and development. In nature, fungus-driven nonspecific oxidations are believed to be a key to catabolizing recalcitrant plant lignins, resulting in lignin humification. Here we demonstrated the effective transformation of technical lignins derived from the Kraft processing of woody biomass into humic-like plant fertilizers through one-pot Fenton oxidations (i.

Effect of pyrolysis temperature on phosphate adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of crawfish char.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of crawfish char (CFC) derived at different pyrolysis temperature and to evaluate its adsorption characteristics on phosphate. Phosphate adsorption by CFC occurred rapidly at the beginning of the reaction, and the time to reach equilibrium was dependent on the pyrolysis temperature. Maximum adsorption capacities of phosphate by CFC at different pyrolysis temperatures were high in order of CFC800 (70.

Effect of biochar derived from barley straw on soil physicochemical properties, crop growth, and nitrous oxide emission in an upland field in South Korea.

This study was conducted to investigate soil quality, Chinese cabbage growth, and NO emission after biochar application in an upland field in South Korea. Each of the barley straw biochar (BC, applied at 10 ton ha), inorganic fertilizer (IF, applied at N-P-K = 320-78-198 kg ha), and BC + IF treatment areas were separated by a control (Cn) treatment area. Soils treated with BC and BC + IF treatments had lower bulk density and higher porosity than those in the Cn treatment areas.

Lead sorption characteristics of various chicken bone part-derived chars.

Recycling food waste for beneficial use is becoming increasingly important in resource-limited economy. In this study, waste chicken bones of different parts from restaurant industry were pyrolyzed at 600 °C and evaluated for char physicochemical properties and Pb sorption characteristics. Lead adsorption isotherms by different chicken bone chars were carried out with initial Pb concentration range of 1-1000 mg L at pH 5.

Mercury adsorption in the Mississippi River deltaic plain freshwater marsh soil of Louisiana Gulf coastal wetlands.

Mercury adsorption characteristics of Mississippi River deltaic plain (MRDP) freshwater marsh soil in the Louisiana Gulf coast were evaluated under various conditions. Mercury adsorption was well described by pseudo-second order and Langmuir isotherm models with maximum adsorption capacity of 39.8 mg g.

Degradation of Orange G by Fenton-like reaction with Fe-impregnated biochar catalyst.

This study was conducted to evaluate the catalytic activity of Fe-impregnated sugarcane biochar (FSB) for removing azo dye Orange G (OG) from solution under various Fenton-like oxidation conditions. The optimum molar Fe concentration for impregnation to achieve maximum catalytic activity of FSB in Fenton-like reaction with acceptable effluent Fe release was 0.25 M (163.

Adsorption of Cd, Cu and Zn from aqueous solutions onto ferronickel slag under different potentially toxic metal combination.

Adsorption characteristics of potentially toxic metals in single- and multi-metal forms onto ferronickel slag were evaluated. Competitive sorption of metals by ferronickel slag has never been reported previously. The maximum adsorption capacities of toxic metals on ferronickel were in the order of Cd (10.

Long-term performance of vertical-flow and horizontal-flow constructed wetlands as affected by season, N load, and operating stage for treating nitrogen from domestic sewage.

To investigate the long-term nitrogen treatment efficiency in vertical-flow (VF)-horizontal-flow (HF) hybrid constructed wetlands (CWs), the nitrogen removal efficiency under different seasons, N loads, and three operating stages (representing age of the wetland) were evaluated over a 12-year period. The average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies in the effluent during the operation period were in the following order: summer (75.2%) > spring (73.

Competitive adsorption and selectivity sequence of heavy metals by chicken bone-derived biochar: Batch and column experiment.

The objective of this research was to evaluate adsorption of heavy metals in single- and ternary-metal forms onto chicken bone biochar (CBB). Competitive sorption of heavy metals by CBB has never been reported previously. The maximum adsorption capacities of metals by CBB were in the order of Cu (130 mg g(-1)) > Cd (109 mg g(-1)) > Zn (93 mg g(-1)) in the single-metal adsorption isotherm and Cu (108 mg g(-1)) >> Cd (54 mg g(-1)) ≥ Zn (44 mg g(-1)) in the ternary-metal adsorption isotherm.

Competitive adsorption of heavy metals onto sesame straw biochar in aqueous solutions.

Objective of this research was to evaluate adsorption of heavy metals in mono and multimetal forms onto sesame straw biochar (SSB). Competitive sorption of metals by SSB has never been reported previously. The maximum adsorption capacities (mgg(-1)) of metals by SSB were in the order of Pb (102)≫Cd (86)≫Cr (65)>Cu (55)≫Zn (34) in the monometal adsorption isotherm and Pb (88)≫Cu (40)≫Cr (21)>Zn (7)⩾Cd (5) in the multimetal adsorption isotherm.

Enhanced sulfamethazine removal by steam-activated invasive plant-derived biochar.

Recent investigations have shown frequent detection of pharmaceuticals in soils and waters posing potential risks to human and ecological health. Here, we report the enhanced removal of sulfamethazine (SMT) from water by physically activated biochar. Specifically, we investigated the effects of steam-activated biochars synthesized from an invasive plant (Sicyos angulatus L.

Terriglobus aquaticus sp. nov., isolated from an artificial reservoir.

A pink-pigmented, chemo-organotrophic bacterium, designated strain 03SUJ4(T), was isolated from the freshwater of Juam reservoir, Republic of Korea (35° 03' 43'' N 127° 14' 15'' E). Cells were aerobic, Gram-reaction-negative and non-motile rods. Strain 03SUJ4(T) grew at pH 6-7 (optimum, pH 6) and at 15-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C).

Design and fabrication of a multi-purpose soft x-ray array diagnostic system for KSTAR.

A multi-purpose soft x-ray array diagnostic system was developed for measuring two-dimensional x-ray emissivity profile, electron temperature, Ar impurity transport, and total radiation power. A remotely controlled filter wheel was designed with three different choices of filters. The electron temperature profile can be determined from the ratio of two channels having different thickness of Be layer, and the Ar impurity concentration transport can be determined from a pair of Ar Ross filters (CaF(2) and NaCl thin films).

First results of the resistive bolometers on KSTAR.

The resistive bolometers have been successfully installed in the midplane of L-port in Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) device. The spatial and temporal resolutions, 4.5 cm and ∼1 kHz, respectively, enable us to measure the radial profile of the total radiated power from magnetically confined plasma at a high temperature through radiation and neutral particles.

Charge exchange spectroscopy system calibration for ion temperature measurement in KSTAR.

The charge exchange spectroscopy (CES) system including collection assemblies, lens design, and cassettes for the KSTAR experiment was installed to obtain profiles of the ion temperature and the toroidal rotation velocity from charge exchange emission between plasma ions and beam neutrals near the plasma axis by using a modulated neutral beam and a background system. We can measure the charge exchange spectra of an impurity line such as the 529 nm line of carbon VI to get ion temperature and rotation profiles in KSTAR. The CES and background systems will have absolute intensity and spectral calibrations using a calibrated source and various spectral lamps.

Installation of a fast framing visible camera on KSTAR.

Visible camera technologies have made remarkable progress in recent years, and the fast camera has proven itself to be a capable imaging diagnostic in studies of specific fusion plasma issues such as the start-up physics, plasma wall interactions, edge-localized modes, and disruptions. For the purpose of favorable visible imaging, a fast framing camera has recently been installed on the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) device. The camera uses a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor detector with a maximum resolution of 1280x1024 at 1000 frames/s (fps) and a minimum resolution of 1280x16 at 64 kfps.