Baekduia soli gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from the soil of Baekdu Mountain and proposal of a novel family name, Baekduiaceae fam. nov.

A taxonomic study was conducted on BR7-21, a bacterial strain isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in Baekdu Mountain. Comparative studies of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the isolate was most closely related to Conexibacter woesei DSM 14684, Solirubrobacter pauli ATCC BAA-492, Patulibacter minatonensis JCM 12834, with 93.8%, 92.

Gram-Scale Production of Ginsenoside F1 Using a Recombinant Bacterial β-Glucosidase.

Naturally occurring ginsenoside F1 (20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxatriol) is rare. Here, we produced gram-scale quantities of ginsenoside F1 from a crude protopanaxatriol saponin mixture comprised mainly of Re and Rg1 through enzyme-mediated biotransformation using recombinant β-glucosidase (BgpA) cloned from a soil bacterium, Gsoil 3082. In a systematic step-by-step process, the concentrations of substrate, enzyme, and NaCl were determined for maximal production of F1.

[Corynebacterium aquaticum infection: one case report and literature review].

Objective: To study the diagnosis and treatment of Corynebacterium aquaticum infection.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of one case of Corynebacterium aquaticum infection and literature review were conducted.

Results: A 39-year old male patient was admitted because of cough, sputum production, fever and right chest pain for 10 days.

Sphingomonas ginsengisoli sp. nov. and Sphingomonas sediminicola sp. nov.

Two novel bacteria, designated strains Gsoil 634(T) and Dae 20(T), were isolated in South Korea from soil of a ginseng field and freshwater sediment, respectively and were characterized by a polyphasic approach to clarify their taxonomic positions. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that, although they probably represented two distinct species (indicated by a sequence similarity of 96.6 %), both strain Gsoil 634(T) and strain Dae 20(T) belonged to the genus Sphingomonas and were most closely related to 'Sphingomonas humi' PB323 (97.

Kinetics of a cloned special ginsenosidase hydrolyzing 3-O-glucoside of multi-protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, named ginsenosidase type III.

In this paper, the kinetics of a cloned special glucosidase, named ginsenosidase type III hydrolyzing 3-O-glucoside of multi-protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, were investigated. The gene (bgpA) encoding this enzyme was cloned from a Terrabacter ginsenosidimutans strain and then expressed in E. coli cells.

Ramlibacter ginsenosidimutans sp. nov., with ginsenoside-converting activity.

A novel beta-proteobacterium, designated BXN5-27(T), was isolated from soil of a ginseng field of Baekdu Mountain in China, and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. The strain was Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming, and rod shaped. Strain BXN5-27(T) exhibited beta-glucosidase activity that was responsible for its ability to transform ginsenoside Rb₁ (one of the dominant active components of ginseng) to compound Rd.

Characterization of a novel ginsenoside-hydrolyzing α-L-arabinofuranosidase, AbfA, from Rhodanobacter ginsenosidimutans Gsoil 3054T.

The gene encoding an α-L-arabinofuranosidase that could biotransform ginsenoside Rc {3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol} to ginsenoside Rd {3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol} was cloned from a soil bacterium, Rhodanobacter ginsenosidimutans strain Gsoil 3054(T), and the recombinant enzyme was characterized. The enzyme (AbfA) hydrolyzed the arabinofuranosyl moiety from ginsenoside Rc and was classified as a family 51 glycoside hydrolase based on amino acid sequence analysis. Recombinant AbfA expressed in Escherichia coli hydrolyzed non-reducing arabinofuranoside moieties with apparent K (m) values of 0.

Bioconversion of ginsenosides Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc and Rd by novel β-glucosidase hydrolyzing outer 3-O glycoside from Sphingomonas sp. 2F2: cloning, expression, and enzyme characterization.

A new β-glucosidase gene (bglSp) was cloned from the ginsenoside converting Sphingomonas sp. strain 2F2 isolated from the ginseng cultivating filed. The bglSp consisted of 1344 bp (447 amino acid residues) with a predicted molecular mass of 49,399 Da.

Rhodanobacter panaciterrae sp. nov., a bacterium with ginsenoside-converting activity isolated from soil of a ginseng field.

A novel gammaproteobacterium, designated LnR5-47(T), was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Liaoning province, China. The isolate was a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming rod. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LnR5-47(T) belonged to the genus Rhodanobacter.

Solirubrobacter ginsenosidimutans sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field.

A Gram-reaction-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, aerobic rod, designated BXN5-15(T), was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field on Baekdu Mountain in China. Strain BXN5-15(T) grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 6.0-7.

Identification and characterization of a novel Terrabacter ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. beta-glucosidase that transforms ginsenoside Rb1 into the rare gypenosides XVII and LXXV.

A new beta-glucosidase from a novel strain of Terrabacter ginsenosidimutans (Gsoil 3082(T)) obtained from the soil of a ginseng farm was characterized, and the gene, bgpA (1,947 bp), was cloned in Escherichia coli. The enzyme catalyzed the conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 {3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol} to the more pharmacologically active rare ginsenosides gypenoside XVII {3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol}, gypenoside LXXV {20-O-[beta-v-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol}, and C-K [20-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-20(S)-protopanaxadiol]. A BLAST search of the bgpA sequence revealed significant homology to family 3 glycoside hydrolases.

Phycicoccus ginsenosidimutans sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field.

A Gram-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, aerobic, coccoid-shaped bacterium, designated BXN5-13(T), was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field from Baekdu Mountain in Jilin district, China. Strain BXN5-13(T) grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 6.5-7.

Nocardioides panacisoli sp. nov., isolated from the soil of a ginseng field.

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium (Gsoil 346(T)) was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in South Korea and was characterized in order to determine its taxonomic position. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain Gsoil 346(T) was shown to belong to the genus Nocardioides in the family Nocardioidaceae, with the most closely related species being Nocardioides aquiterrae GW-9(T) (96.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity); however, the strain clustered in a distinct branch of the phylogenetic tree with Nocardioides kongjuensis A2-4(T) (96.

Mucilaginibacter daejeonensis sp. nov., isolated from dried rice straw.

A novel strain, designated Jip 10(T), isolated from dried rice straw, was characterized by a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. The isolate was Gram-negative, facultatively aerobic, heterotrophic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate clustered with the genus Mucilaginibacter in the phylum Bacteroidetes.

Rhodanobacter ginsenosidimutans sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field in South Korea.

A novel gammaproteobacterium, designated Gsoil 3054(T), was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon province, South Korea, and was characterized using a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. The strain was Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain belonged to the genus Rhodanobacter; it was most closely related to Rhodanobacter fulvus Jip2(T) and Rhodanobacter thiooxydans LCS2(T) (97.

Dyella ginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field in South Korea.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented, non-spore-forming, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain Gsoil 3046(T), was isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Pocheon Province, South Korea, and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. A comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Gsoil 3046(T) belongs to the family Xanthomonadaceae in the Gammaproteobacteria. The greatest sequence similarity was found with respect to Dyella koreensis KCTC 12359(T) (97.

Pedobacter daechungensis sp. nov., from freshwater lake sediment in South Korea.

A novel bacterial strain, designated Dae 13T, was isolated from sediment from a freshwater lake in Daejeon, South Korea, and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. The isolate was Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate belonged to the genus Pedobacter in the family Sphingobacteriaceae but was clearly separate from established species of this genus.

Microlunatus panaciterrae sp. nov., a beta-glucosidase-producing bacterium isolated from soil in a ginseng field.

A novel bacterial strain, designated Gsoil 954(T), showing beta-glucosidase activity was isolated from a soil sample from a ginseng field in Pocheon Province, South Korea. The isolate was a Gram-positive, aerobic, motile, coccus-shaped, non-endospore-forming bacterium. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Gsoil 954(T) belonged to the family Propionibacteriaceae, the highest levels of sequence similarity being found with the type strains of Microlunatus ginsengisoli (96.

Chitinophaga soli sp. nov. and Chitinophaga terrae sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon Province, Korea.

Two novel strains of the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides (CFB) group, designated Gsoil 219" and Gsoil 2381, were isolated from soil of a ginseng field of Pocheon Province in Korea. Both strains were Gram-negative, aerobic, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that both isolates belong to the genus Chitinophaga but were clearly separated from established species of this genus.

Kaistia granuli sp. nov., isolated from anaerobic granules in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor.

A Gram-negative, chemo-organotrophic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium (designated strain Ko04(T)) was isolated from anaerobic granules in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, and was investigated using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Ko04(T) belongs to the order Rhizobiales in the Alphaproteobacteria. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Ko04(T) was most closely related to Kaistia adipata (97.

Nocardioides panacihumi sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field.

A novel bacterial strain designated Gsoil 616(T) was isolated from a soil sample of a ginseng field in Pocheon province (South Korea) and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. The isolate was Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod- or coccoid-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate belongs to the genus Nocardioides in the family Nocardioidaceae but was clearly separated from established species of this genus.

Segetibacter koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in South Korea.

A novel strain, designated Gsoil 664(T), isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in South Korea, was characterized by a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. The isolate was Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, heterotrophic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and possessed rod-shaped cells. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the novel isolate formed a cluster with several uncultured bacterial clones and with the established genera Terrimonas, Niastella and Chitinophaga in the phylum Bacteroidetes.

Chitinophaga ginsengisegetis sp. nov. and Chitinophaga ginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field in South Korea.

Two novel strains belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes [formerly the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides (CFB) group], designated Gsoil 040(T) and Gsoil 052(T), were isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon province, South Korea. A polyphasic approach was used to characterize the taxonomic position of the novel strains. Both strains were Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped.

Cellulomonas composti sp. nov., a cellulolytic bacterium isolated from cattle farm compost.

A bacterial strain, TR7-06(T), which has cellulase and beta-glucosidase activities, was isolated from compost at a cattle farm near Daejeon, Republic of Korea. It was a Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that this strain belongs to the genus Cellulomonas, with highest sequence similarity to Cellulomonas uda DSM 20107(T) (98.

Paenibacillus soli sp. nov., a xylanolytic bacterium isolated from soil.

Two novel polysaccharide-degrading bacteria (strains DCY03(T) and DCY04) were isolated from a soil sample of a ginseng field in the Republic of Korea and were identified as representing members of the genus Paenibacillus on the basis of phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic inference based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Cells of the two isolates were Gram-positive, spore-forming, non-motile, straight rods. Based on DNA-DNA relatedness data, the strains were considered to belong to the same species.