Strengthening the Korean Network of Microbial Culture Collections in the Microbiome Era.

Microbes are critical contributors in main areas of biotechnology, including green, red, and white biotechnology. This is why the importance of the preservation of microbial resources cannot be emphasized enough. Culture collections are repositories not only for the preservation and maintenance of a large variety of microbial resources and the associated data but also for their distribution in a quality-controlled manner.

Immunogenicity of a novel inactivated canine adenovirus type 2 variant vaccine for dogs.

Purpose: The immunogenicity of vaccines containing the canine adenovirus (CAdV) type 2 (CAdV-2) variant has not yet been reported. We prepared a novel inactivated CAdV-2 variant vaccine using the CAV2232-41 strain, and evaluated its safety and immunogenicity in raccoon dogs.

Materials And Methods: The growth kinetics of CAV2232-41 were determined using Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells.

A Global Perspective on Oral Vaccination of Wildlife against Rabies.

The long-term mitigation of human-domestic animal-wildlife conflicts is complex and difficult. Over the last 50 yr, the primary biomedical concepts and actualized collaborative global field applications of oral rabies vaccination to wildlife serve as one dramatic example that revolutionized the field of infectious disease management of free-ranging animals. Oral vaccination of wildlife occurred in diverse locales within Africa, Eurasia, the Middle East, and North America.

Evaluation of porcine intestinal organoids as an model for mammalian orthoreovirus 3 infection.

Background: Mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 (MRV3), which is responsible for gastroenteritis in many mammalian species including pigs, has been isolated from piglets with severe diarrhea. However, the use of pig-derived cells as an infection model for swine-MRV3 has rarely been studied.

Objectives: This study aims to establish porcine intestinal organoids (PIOs) and examine their susceptibility as an model for intestinal MRV3 infection.

Immunomodulatory effects of canine mesenchymal stem cells in an experimental atopic dermatitis model.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into multi-lineage cells, suggesting their future applicability in regenerative medicine and biotechnology. The immunomodulatory properties of MSCs make them a promising replacement therapy in various fields of animal research including in canine atopic dermatitis (AD), a skin disease with 10-15% prevalence. We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs in an experimental canine AD model induced by extract ointment.

Generation of a recombinant rabies virus expressing green fluorescent protein for a virus neutralization antibody assay.

Background: Fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test is a standard assay for quantifying rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) in serum. However, a safer rabies virus (RABV) should be used in the FAVN assay. There is a need for a new method that is economical and time-saving by eliminating the immunostaining step.

Immunogenicity of an inactivated rabies vaccine for animals derived from the recombinant ERAGS strain.

Purpose: The aims of the present study were to evaluate the immunogenicity of an inactivated rabies vaccine based on the ERAGS strain.

Materials And Methods: The ERAGS virus propagated in Vero cells was inactivated with 3 mM binary ethylenimine for 8 hours. Three types of inactivated rabies vaccines were prepared to determine the minimum vaccine virus titers.

THE PRESENCE OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST PSEUDORABIES VIRUS IN WILD BOARS () IN KOREA.

The control and elimination of pseudorabies (PR) is one of the most important goals in the pig industry. After the first PR outbreak in Korea in 1986, all pigs infected with PR virus (PRV) were removed, and a vaccination program for pigs was implemented. No PR has occurred in Korea since 2010, and vaccination was discontinued after 2013.

Isolation and molecular characterizations of canine distemper virus from a naturally infected Korean dog using Vero cells expressing dog signaling lymphocyte activation molecule.

Background: Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection results in high morbidity and mortality in dogs. There has been no report about isolation of Korean CDV since 1980 in Korea.

Objectives: To investigate the biological properties and the genetic characterization of Korean CDV.

Genotype-specific neutralizing antibody titers against Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes 1 and 3 in horses immunized with a genotype 3 vaccine.

Purpose: Japanese encephalitis is one of the most important mosquito-borne and zoonotic diseases in Asia and the Pacific region. Although the dominant Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype has shifted from G3 to G1 in Korea since 1990, a G3 strain (Anyang 300) has been used in vaccines for horses for almost 40 years. This study aimed to investigate the seroconversion rates and geometric mean titers (GMTs) of virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) against JEV G1 and G3 in horses immunized with the G3 vaccine.

Development of indirect ELISA for the detection of canine adenovirus type 2 antibodies in dog sera.

Background: Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) induces infectious laryngotracheitis in members of the family Canidae, including dogs. To date, no ELISA kits specific for CAV-2 antibody have been commercialized for dogs in Korea.

Objectives: We aimed to develop new indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) to perform rapid, accurate serological surveys of CAV-2 in dog serum samples.

The Presence of Rabies Virus-Neutralizing Antibody in Wild Boars (), a Non-Target Bait Vaccine Animal in Korea.

Oral vaccination with bait is an effective method to prevent rabies in wildlife, but non-target wild animals may also ingest the bait vaccine. In Korea, the target animal of the rabies bait vaccine is the raccoon dog (). Bait vaccines have been distributed in Korea for 20 years; although wild raccoon dogs have been tested for antibodies, rabies antibodies have never been investigated in non-target wild animals.

Establishment of multiplex RT-PCR for differentiation between rabies virus with and that without mutation at position 333 of glycoprotein.

Rabid raccoon dogs () have been responsible for animal rabies in South Korea since the 1990s. A recombinant rabies vaccine strain, designated as ERAGS, was constructed for use as a bait vaccine. Therefore, new means of differentiating ERAGS from other rabies virus (RABV) strains will be required in biological manufacturing and diagnostic service centers.

Immunogenicity of a new, inactivated canine adenovirus type 2 vaccine for dogs.

Purpose: We constructed a new canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) vaccine candidate using the recently isolated Korean CAV-2 strain; we termed the vaccine APQA1701-40P and evaluated its safety and immunogenicity in dogs.

Materials And Methods: To generate the anti-CAV-2 vaccine, APQA1701 was passaged 40 times in MDCK cells growing in medium containing 5 mM urea and the virus was inactivated using 0.05% (volume per volume) formaldehyde.

Rabies immune status of raccoon dogs residing in areas where rabies bait vaccine has been distributed.

Since 2000, large amounts of rabies bait vaccine have been distributed in two provinces where raccoon dog-mediated rabies has occurred. A total of 146 raccoon dogs were caught in Gangwon and Gyeonggi Provinces from January 2017 to June 2018, and raccoon dog blood samples were collected. Of the 146 raccoon dogs, 13.

Strategies to maintain Korea's animal rabies non-occurrence status.

Endemic animal rabies causes >99% of all human rabies cases; elimination of animal rabies reduces the rate of human infections. The most recent animal rabies cases in the Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces of Korea occurred in November 2012 and February 2013, respectively. Here we explore ways to ensure that Korea remains animal rabies non-occurrence.

Serosurvey of rabies virus, canine distemper virus, parvovirus, and influenza virus in military working dogs in Korea.

Rabies virus (RABV), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2), and canine influenza A virus (CIV) are important contagious pathogens in canine populations. To assess post-vaccination immunity against RABV, CDV and CPV-2, and serological evidence of exposure to influenza A virus in military working dogs (MWDs) in Korea, we tested blood samples of 78 MWDs by fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) for RABV, and by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for CDV, CPV-2, and CIV. Korean MWDs had high antibody-positive rates against RABV (97.

Efficacy of inactivated variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus vaccines in growing pigs.

Purpose: The first aim of this study was to develop a novel inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) vaccine using the recently isolated Korean PEDV QIAP1401 strain and to evaluate its protective efficacy in growing pigs. The second was to determine the optimum adjuvant formulation of the inactivated PEDV vaccine that induces protection against viral challenge.

Materials And Methods: To generate high titers of infectious PEDV, the QIAP1401 isolate was passaged in Vero cells.

Development and evaluation of an anti-rabies virus phosphoprotein-specific monoclonal antibody for detection of rabies neutralizing antibodies using RFFIT.

Background: Rabies is a major public health problem with a fatality rate close to 100%; however, complete prevention can be achieved through pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis. The rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) is one of the recommended testing methods to determine the production of neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. Here, we report the development of a new monoclonal antibody (mAb) designed to react specifically with Rabies virus (RABV) phosphoprotein (P protein), and the evaluation of its applicability to the RFFIT and its effectiveness as a diagnostic reagent for human rabies.

A genetically modified rabies vaccine (ERAGS) induces protective immunity in dogs and cattle.

Purpose: The current live attenuated rabies vaccine must be replaced with a safer vaccine based on the ERAGS strain to prevent rabies in South Korea. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a new strain in dogs and cattle.

Materials And Methods: The ERAGS strain, featuring two mutations altering two amino acids in a glycoprotein of rabies virus, was propagated in NG108-15 cells.

Mass vaccination has led to the elimination of rabies since 2014 in South Korea.

Purpose: Rabies is one of the most fatal diseases, but it is 100% preventable in animals by vaccination. In this study, we present the epidemiological features of, and national preventive measures against, rabies in Korea.

Materials And Methods: Data related to rabies and the population density of raccoon dogs in Korea were collected from the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Institute of Environmental Research.

Isolation and characterization of a new porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant that occurred in Korea in 2014.

Outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) have resulted in significant economic losses in the swine industry, and another PED outbreak occurred in 2014 in Korea. Isolating and culturing PED virus (PEDV) allow investigations into its pathogenesis and the development of vaccines and diagnostic assays. In this study, we successfully isolated two PEDV isolates (QIAP1401 and QIAP1402) from naturally infected piglets at Jeju-do, Korea.

Comparison of the protective efficacy between single and combination of recombinant adenoviruses expressing complete and truncated glycoprotein, and nucleoprotein of the pathogenic street rabies virus in mice.

Background: Rabies is an important viral zoonosis that causes acute encephalitis and death in mammals. To date, several recombinant vaccines have been developed based on G protein, which is considered to be the main antigen, and these vaccines are used for rabies control in many countries. Most recombinant viruses expressing RABV G protein retain the G gene from attenuated RABV.

A recombinant rabies virus (ERAGS) for use in a bait vaccine for swine.

Purpose: Rabies viruses (RABV) circulating worldwide in various carnivores occasionally cause fatal encephalitis in swine. In this study, the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant rabies virus, the ERAGS strain constructed with a reverse genetics system, was evaluated in domestic pigs.

Materials And Methods: Growing pigs were administered 1 mL (10(8.