Promoter analysis reveals conserved 30-base-pair core sequences controlling the nonhair-cell preferential expression of WEREWOLF in Arabidopsis.

The root epidermis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) consists of two distinct cell types: hair (H) cells and non-hair (N) cells, whose patterning is regulated by a network of genes. Among these, the WEREWOLF (WER) gene, encoding an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, acts as a master regulator by promoting the expression of key downstream genes, such as GLABRA2 and CAPRICE. However, the mechanisms controlling WER expression have remained largely unexplored.

Negative feedback regulation of GLABRA1 contributes to epidermal cell patterning in the Arabidopsis root.

GLABRA1 (GL1), which encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, is a key regulator of trichome patterning in the aerial organs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Although it has been generally assumed that GL1 functions exclusively in shoots and is not expressed in roots, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis has revealed that GL1 is indeed expressed in roots. To investigate whether GL1 plays a role in root epidermal patterning, we analyzed the effects of gl1 mutations in sensitized genetic backgrounds.

Photothermal Enhancement of Ion Current for Red Blood Cell Flow Cytometry.

Blood cell counting typically requires complex machinery. Flow cytometers used for this purpose involve precise optical alignment, costly detectors, and pretreatment with fluorescent labels. Coulter countertype devices, which monitor ion current, are simpler.

Auto-sumoylation of the Ubc9 E2 SUMO-conjugating Enzyme Extends Cellular Lifespan.

Calorie restriction (CR) provides anti-aging benefits through diverse processes, such as reduced metabolism and growth and increased mitochondrial activity. Although controversy still exists regarding CR-mediated lifespan effects, many researchers are seeking interventions that mimic the effects of CR. Yeast has proven to be a useful model system for aging studies, including CR effects.

Seed-assembly-mediated fabrication and application of highly branched gold nanoshells having hollow and porous morphologies.

Highly branched gold nanoshells (BAuNSs) having hollow and porous morphologies have been fabricated via a seed-assembly-mediated strategy. Gold seed assemblies can be prepared by removal of SiOnanotemplates with help of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) molecules, which weakly link gold nanoparticles together even after SiOetching. L-3,4-dihydroxy phenylalanine (L-DOPA) and AgNOare employed as shape-directing agents to induce the anisotropic growth of gold.

Photothermal structural modification of porous gold nanoshells pulsed-laser irradiation: effects of laser wavelengths and surface conditions.

Pulsed lasers are promising candidates for fabricating plasmonic nanoparticles having unique structures, and there is a strong need for studies on the detailed effects of various experimental conditions on laser-induced fabrications. In this work, we demonstrate the effects of laser wavelengths and nanoparticle surface conditions, as well as laser fluences, in the structural modification of porous gold nanoshells induced by picosecond pulse irradiation. Laser wavelengths play a critical role in the modification because irradiating laser pulses excite not only porous gold nanoshells but also gold nanospheres, which have been produced via the melting of irradiated porous gold nanoshells.

Boosting Visible-Light Photocatalytic Redox Reaction by Charge Separation in SnO /ZnSe(N H ) Heterojunction Nanocatalysts.

In this work, environmentally friendly photocatalysts with attractive catalytic properties are reported that have been prepared by introducing SnO quantum dots (QDs) directly onto ZnSe(N H ) substrates to induce advantageous charge separation. The SnO /ZnSe(N H ) nanocomposites could be easily synthesized through a one-pot hydrothermal process. Owing to the absence of capping ligands, the attached SnO QDs displayed superior photocatalytic properties, generating many exposed reactive surfaces.

Myeloid deletion of SIRT1 aggravates serum transfer arthritis in mice via nuclear factor-κB activation.

Objective: SIRT1 modulates the acetylation of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and plays a pivotal role in the inflammatory response. This study sought to assess the role of SIRT1 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using a myeloid cell-specific SIRT1 knockout (mSIRT1 KO) mouse.

Methods: mSIRT1 KO mice were generated using the loxP/Cre recombinase system.

Interspecies scaling of oleanolic acid in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs and prediction of human pharmacokinetics.

This study was conducted to predict the pharmacokinetics of oleanolic acid in humans based on animal data by allometry and several species-invariant time methods. Oleanolic acid was injected intravenously to mice, rats, rabbit and dogs (dose 1 mg/kg). The serum concentration-time profiles of oleanolic acid were best described by bi-exponential equation in all animal species.

Pharmacokinetics of baicalein, baicalin and wogonin after oral administration of a standardized extract of Scutellaria baicalensis, PF-2405 in rats.

The pharmacokinetics of active components such as baicalein, wogonin and oroxylin A were evaluated after oral administration of a purified extract of Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI (PF-2405) containing the high contents of baicalein, wogonin and oroxylin A to rats. Following oral administration of PF-2405 at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg dose (equivalent to 4.5, 9.

Analysis of carvedilol in human plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the determination of carvedilol in human plasma was developed using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS). Carvedilol and cisapride (internal standard) were extracted from human plasma with methyl tert-butyl ether at basic pH and analyzed on an Atlantis HILIC Silica column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-ammonium formate (50 mM, pH 4.5) (90:10, v/v).

Dose-linear pharmacokinetics of oleanolic acid after intravenous and oral administration in rats.

The pharmacokinetics of oleanolic acid was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. From Caco-2 cell permeation studies, oleanolic acid was a low permeability compound with no directional effects, suggesting a low in vivo absorption mediated by a passive diffusion. Oleanolic acid was metabolically unstable following incubation with rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH.

Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of baicalein, baicalin, oroxylin A and wogonin in rat plasma.

A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of baicalein, baicalin, oroxylin A and wogonin, Scutellaria baicalensis active components in rat plasma was developed. After liquid-liquid extraction with 2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-chromen-4-one as internal standard, baicalein, baicalin, oroxylin A and wogonin were eluted from an Atlantis C(18) column within 7 min with isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1% formic acid (60:40, v/v).

Determination of gabapentin in human plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the determination of gabapentin in human plasma was developed using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC/MS/MS). The devised method involved protein precipitation with acetonitrile followed by separation on an Atlantis HILIC silica column using an acetonitrile/ammonium formate mobile phase (100 mM, pH 3.0) (85:15, v/v).

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of levofloxacin in human plasma.

A rapid, sensitive and selective hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (HILIC-MS/MS) method for the determination of levofloxacin in human plasma was developed. Levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (internal standard) were extracted from human plasma with dichloromethane and analyzed on an Atlantis HILIC Silica column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-ammonium formate (100 mM, pH 6.5) (82:18 v/v).

Simultaneous determination of piroxicam, meloxicam and tenoxicam in human plasma by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of piroxicam, meloxicam and tenoxicam in human plasma was developed. Piroxicam, meloxicam, tenoxicam and isoxicam (internal standard) were extracted from human plasma with ethyl acetate at acidic pH and analyzed on a Sunfire column with the mobile phase of methanol:ammonium formate (15 mM, pH 3.0) (60:40, v/v).