Differences between intravenous iron products: focus on treatment of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure patients.

Iron deficiency is the leading cause of anaemia and is highly prevalent in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Iron deficiency, with or without anaemia, can be corrected with intravenous (i.v.

Target Hemoglobin May Be Achieved with Intravenous Iron Alone in Anemic Patients with Cardiorenal Syndrome: An Observational Study.

Background: The treatment of anemia in patients with cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is based mainly on intravenous (IV) iron therapy and/or erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). There are concerns about the safety of ESAs due to a potentially higher risk for stroke and malignancy.

Objective: We aimed to explore whether IV iron alone is sufficient to improve anemia in CRS patients and to define the predictors of treatment response.

Is Correction of Iron Deficiency a New Addition to the Treatment of the Heart Failure?

Anemia is present in about 40% of heart failure (HF) patients. Iron deficiency (ID) is present in about 60% of the patients with anemia (about 24% of all HF patients) and in about 40% of patients without anemia (about 24% of all HF patients). Thus ID is present in about half the patients with HF.

Anemia and iron deficiency in COPD patients: prevalence and the effects of correction of the anemia with erythropoiesis stimulating agents and intravenous iron.

Background: Little is known about iron deficiency (ID) and anemia in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The purposes of this study were: (i) To study the prevalence and treatment of anemia and ID in patients hospitalized with an exacerbation of COPD. (ii) to study the hematological responses and degree of dyspnea before and after correction of anemia with subcutaneous Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) and intravenous (IV) iron therapy, in ambulatory anemic patients with both COPD and chronic kidney disease.

The missed opportunities to diagnose and treat iron deficiency in patients hospitalized with heart failure.

Introduction: Iron Deficiency (ID) is common in heart failure (HF), and is an independent contributor to mortality and morbidity. We examined whether patients with previously known HF who were recently hospitalized, had previous treatment for ID, were investigated for it at the time of hospitalization, and, if ID was found, were prescribed iron on discharge.

Methods: We examined the records of 76 consecutive patients admitted to our hospital medical wards with a primary diagnosis of HF.

The role of iron, omega-3 Fatty acids, and vitamins in heart failure.

The high prevalence of iron deficiency in heart failure (HF), its easy detection, and its rapid treatment effects with intravenous compounds including, among other things, improved New York Heart Association class, quality of life, and exercise capacity, may offer a major new addition to the treatment of HF. Although more research is required in HF, iron deficiency has been recognized as a disease for over a century and there is no question that its correction is desirable for improving the health and the quality of life of the iron-deficient patient. Iron deficiency with or without an associated anemia should be routinely searched for and treated in HF patients.

Beyond the cardiorenal anaemia syndrome: recognizing the role of iron deficiency.

Growing awareness that heart failure, renal impairment, and anaemia are frequent co-morbidities which can exacerbate one another in a vicious circle of clinical deterioration has led to the concept of the cardiorenal anaemia syndrome (CRAS). The role of iron deficiency within this complex interplay has been less well examined. Scrutiny of data from the recent FAIR-HF trial raises a new hypothesis: is it time for 'CRAS' to be supplemented with new acronyms such as CRIDS (cardiorenal-iron deficiency syndrome) or even CRAIDS (cardiorenal-anaemia-iron deficiency syndrome)? Iron deficiency occurs frequently in heart failure patients with or without anaemia.

Secondary prevention of hyperkalemia with sodium polystyrene sulfonate in cardiac and kidney patients on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition therapy.

Background: Hyperkalemia, induced by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition (RAAS-I) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), or cardiac disease often leads to withdrawal of RAAS-I therapy. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) is a potassium-binding resin used for the treatment of hyperkalemia. Recently, concerns about the safety and efficacy of SPS were raised.

Correction of iron deficiency in the cardiorenal syndrome.

Impaired energy metabolism is a feature of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). Iron deficiency has been shown to reduce energy production in the cell in animals and humans. Iron deficiency is common in both Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and in CHF.

Intravenous iron in heart failure: beyond targeting anemia.

Iron deficiency is commonly seen in congestive heart failure (CHF) in both anemic and nonanemic patients. In six studies in which these iron-deficient patients with CHF were treated with intravenous (IV) iron, five found an improvement in the hemoglobin. In uncontrolled and controlled studies, the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, quality of life, and exercise capacity were improved consistently with IV iron.

The role of erythropoiesis stimulating agents and intravenous (IV) iron in the cardio renal anemia syndrome.

Anemia is common in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) and is associated with an increased mortality, morbidity and progressive renal failure. The most common causes of the anemia in CHF are (1) the associated Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), which causes depression of erythropoietin (EPO) production in the kidney, and (2) excessive cytokine production in CHF, which can cause both depression of erythropoietin production in the kidney and depression of erythropoietin response in the bone marrow. The cytokines can also induce iron deficiency by increasing hepcidin production from the liver, which both reduces gastrointestinal iron absorption and reduces iron release from iron stores located in the macrophages and hepatocytes.

Anaemia management in cardio renal disease.

Anaemia is common in congestive heart failure (CHF) and is associated with increased mortality, morbidity and progressive renal failure. The common causes of the anaemia are the associated renal failure and excessive cytokine production, both of which can cause depression of the erythropoietin (EPO) production in the kidney and depression of EPO response in bone marrow. The cytokines can also induce iron deficiency by increasing hepcidin production from the liver, which both reduces gastrointestinal iron absorption and reduces iron release from iron stores located in the macrophages and hepatocytes.

Severe obstructive sleep apnea: sleepy versus nonsleepy patients.

Objectives/hypothesis: To compare demographic and polysomnographic data of sleepy versus nonsleepy severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients according to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).

Study Design: Retrospective cohort.

Methods: Six hundred forty-four consecutive severe (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] >or= 30) adult OSA patients who underwent a polysomnographic evaluation in our sleep disorders unit.

The anemia of heart failure.

Anemia is common in congestive heart failure (CHF) and is associated with an increased mortality and morbidity. The most likely causes of anemia are chronic kidney disease (CKD) and excessive cytokine production, both of which can cause depression of erythropoietin (EPO) production and bone marrow activity. The cytokines also induce iron deficiency by both reducing gastrointestinal iron absorption and iron release from iron stores located in the macrophages and hepatocytes.

Iron metabolism, iron deficiency, thrombocytosis, and the cardiorenal anemia syndrome.

In treating moderate to severe anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD), oral iron is effective only in a minority of nondialysis patients. Intravenous iron is more effective and can raise levels of hemoglobin even without the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Unfortunately, the current assays of iron status that are presently widely available are not especially helpful in predicting response.

Beta-erythropoietin effects on ventricular remodeling, left and right systolic function, pulmonary pressure, and hospitalizations in patients affected with heart failure and anemia.

Anemia in heart failure is related to advanced New York Heart Association classes, severe systolic dysfunction, and reduced exercise tolerance. Although anemia is frequently found in congestive heart failure (CHF), little is known about the effect of its' correction with erythropoietin (EPO) on cardiac structure and function. The present study examines, in patients with advanced CHF and anemia, the effects of beta-EPO on left ventricular volumes, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left and right longitudinal function mitral anular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), tricuspid anular plane excursion (TAPSE), and pulmonary artery pressures in 58 patients during 1-year follow-up in a double-blind controlled study of correction of anemia with subcutaneous beta-EPO.

The cardio-renal anemia syndrome.

Congestive heart failure, chronic kidney insufficiency and anemia are often present in the same patient. We have coined this triad the cardio-renal anemia syndrome. We suggest that congestive heart failure can often cause chronic renal failure, with both diseases producing anemia.

The role of correction of anaemia in patients with congestive heart failure: a short review.

Many patients with Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) are anaemic. This anaemia is associated with more severe CHF and a higher incidence of mortality, hospitalisation and morbidity. The only way to prove that the anaemia is causing this worsening of CHF is to correct it.

The correction of anemia in patients with the combination of chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure may prevent progression of both conditions.

It has recently been recognized that many patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) are anemic. The anemia is very often associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The more severe the anemia the more severe the CHF, with higher mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization rate.

Intravenous iron without erythropoietin for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in patients with moderate to severe congestive heart failure and chronic kidney insufficiency.

Objectives: Iron deficiency anemia is a frequent finding in many patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of intravenous (i.v.