Industry and Patient Perspectives on Child Participation in Clinical Trials: The Pediatric Assent Initiative Survey Report.

Background: Obtaining assent from children participating in clinical trials acknowledges autonomy and developmental ability to contribute to the consent process. This critical step in pediatric drug development remains poorly understood, with significant room for improving the clarity, efficiency, and implementation of the assent process. Beyond ethical necessity of informing children about their treatment, the assent process provides the advantages of including children in discussions about their diagnosis and treatment-allowing greater understanding of interventions included in the study.

Industry Survey on Current Practices in the Assessment of Palatability and Swallowability in the Development of Pediatric Oral Dosage Forms.

An industry-based survey was conducted by the Global Alliance for Pediatric Therapeutics in February 2013 to determine and evaluate the current industry practices in the assessment of palatability and swallowability during the development of pediatric oral solid dosage forms, including the design and statistical analysis of such studies. In addition, the survey was designed to identify areas where regulatory guidance is most needed. The survey was distributed to 6 research-based pharmaceutical companies and to members of the American Academy of Pediatrics' Provisional Section on Advances in Therapeutics and Technology.

A Systematic Literature Review on the Assessment of Palatability and Swallowability in the Development of Oral Dosage Forms for Pediatric Patients.

Background: Palatability and swallowability of oral dosage forms are important considerations in the development of medications for pediatric populations. As a result of recent legislation, the number of pharmaceutical products being developed with formulations for children is increasing. However, there are limited recommendations and published literature regarding appropriate palatability and swallowability assessment scales in pediatric patients.

Monoacylglycerol lipase exerts dual control over endocannabinoid and fatty acid pathways to support prostate cancer.

Cancer cells couple heightened lipogenesis with lipolysis to produce fatty acid networks that support malignancy. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) plays a principal role in this process by converting monoglycerides, including the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), to free fatty acids. Here, we show that MAGL is elevated in androgen-independent versus androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cell lines, and that pharmacological or RNA-interference disruption of this enzyme impairs prostate cancer aggressiveness.

More than baby steps: perspectives on pediatric translational research.

Although children represent 25% of the U.S. population and nearly 40% of the world's population, pediatric product development typically lags behind that targeted at adults.

Phase II study of predictive biomarker profiles for response targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) in advanced inflammatory breast cancer with lapatinib monotherapy.

Purpose: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is one of the most aggressive forms of breast cancer. Lapatinib, an oral reversible inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human EGFR 2 (HER-2), demonstrated clinical activity in four of five IBC patients in phase I trials. We conducted a phase II trial to confirm the sensitivity of IBC to lapatinib, to determine whether response is HER-2 or EGFR dependent, and to elucidate a molecular signature predictive of lapatinib sensitivity.

KAI-1 expression in pediatric high-grade osteosarcoma.

Recent evidence implicates cell surface proteins of the tetraspanin superfamily in the process of metastasis whereas the downregulation of KAI-1, a member of the tetraspanin family, is associated with an aggressive clinical phenotype in several types of human cancers. To determine if expression of KAI-1-1 is associated with any known prognostic marker or clinical outcome in high-grade osteosarcoma, we examined 91 nondecalcified archival samples from 47 patients for the expression of KAI-1. Archival, paraffin-embedded, and decalcified pathologic samples were examined by immunohistochemistry and results were correlated to clinical outcomes and known prognostic markers.

Successful targeting of ErbB2 receptors-is PTEN the key?

Women with ErbB2-positive breast cancer have a poor prognosis, and frequently, chemotherapy treatment is ineffective. The ErbB2-targeted antibody trastuzumab improves survival when given with chemotherapy to patients with ErbB2-overexpressing metastatic disease, but treatment is not curative, and primary resistance is common. Postulated mechanisms of action for trastuzumab include immune-mediated cytotoxicity and receptor downmodulation.

Enhanced transgene expression in androgen independent prostate cancer gene therapy by taxane chemotherapeutic agents.

Purpose: Chemotherapy is often used as a primary therapy for metastatic cancer because it kills cells en masse. However, high doses of chemotherapeutic drugs can cause toxicity in nontarget organs. Gene therapy may provide a better alternative to chemotherapy because its targeting of specific genes may reduce the undesirable toxicity associated with chemotherapy.