The Challenge of New Forms of Work, Innovative Technologies, and Aging on Decent Work: Opportunities for Occupational Safety and Health.

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) can be relevant in achieving the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal of decent work by 2030. However, further OSH actions are needed. This paper identifies the role of OSH in addressing two of many determinants of decent work: new forms of work/innovative technologies and worker aging.

Furthering decent work by expanding the role of occupational safety and health.

Background: The International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations (UN) have promoted the concept of decent work as a Sustainable Development Goal for 2030 to address critical global problems. Occupational safety and health (OSH) are components of decent work, primarily through the ILO social protection objective of the goal, and are linked to various other objectives.

Objective: This Commentary applies a previously published staging framework to stimulate thinking about how the OSH field can contribute further to the achievement of decent work.

Examining Patterns and Predictors of ADHD Teens' Skill-Learning Trajectories During Enhanced FOrward Concentration and Attention Learning (FOCAL+) Training.

Objective: Examine patterns and predictors of skill learning during multisession Enhanced rward oncentration and ttention earning (FOCAL+) training.

Background: FOCAL+ teaches teens to reduce the duration of off-road glances using real-time error learning. In a randomized controlled trial, teens with ADHD received five sessions of FOCAL+ training and demonstrated significant reductions in extended glances (>2-s) away from the roadway (i.

Novice driver crashes: The relation between putative causal factors, countermeasures, real world implementations, and policy - A case study in simple, scalable solutions.

Novice drivers are at a greatly inflated risk of crashing. This led in the 20th century to numerous attempts to develop training programs that could reduce their crash risk. Yet, none proved effective.

A pressure solution flow law for the seismogenic zone: Application to Cascadia.

We develop a linear viscous constitutive relationship for pressure solution constrained by models of deformed metasedimentary rocks and observations of exposed rocks from ancient subduction zones. We include pressure and temperature dependence on the solubility of silica in fluid by parameterizing a practical van't Hoff relationship. This general flow law is well suited for making predictions about interseismic behavior of subduction zones.

Evaluation of a 3M (mistakes, mentoring, and mastery) training program for transfer of control situations in a level 2 automated driving system.

Drivers must actively supervise automation as it can only function in limited conditions. A failure to supervise the system has negative consequences in terms of missed requests to take over control and may cause crashes or jeopardize safety. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of a novel, 3M (Mistakes, Mentoring, and Mastery) training program on drivers' behavior while using level 2 driving automation systems.

Rock properties and sediment caliber govern bedrock river morphology across the Taiwan Central Range.

Feedbacks between surface and deep Earth processes in collisional mountain belts depend on how erosion and topographic relief vary in space and time. One outstanding unknown lies in how rock strength influences bedrock river morphology and thus mountain relief. Here, we quantify boulder cover and channel morphology using uncrewed aerial vehicle surveys along 30 kilometers of bedrock-bound river corridors throughout the Taiwan Central Range where regional gradients in rock properties relate to tectonic history.

Executive Functioning as a Predictor of Adverse Driving Outcomes in Teen Drivers With ADHD.

Objective: The present study examined the association between executive functioning (EF) and risky driving behaviors in teens with ADHD.

Method: Teens diagnosed with ADHD ( = 179;  = 17.4 years) completed two 15-min drives in a fixed-base driving simulator.

Trial of Training to Reduce Driver Inattention in Teens with ADHD.

Background: Teens with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk for motor vehicle collisions. A computerized skills-training program to reduce long glances away from the roadway, a contributor to collision risk, may ameliorate driving risks among teens with ADHD.

Methods: We evaluated a computerized skills-training program designed to reduce long glances (lasting ≥2 seconds) away from the roadway in drivers 16 to 19 years of age with ADHD.

Booster Dose of Attention Training Program for Young Novice Drivers: A Longitudinal Driving Simulator Evaluation Study.

Objective: We examined the effectiveness of a second exposure to ACCEL, a novel driving training program, on latent hazard anticipation (HA) performance several months after their first exposure.

Background: Past research has demonstrated that PC-based driver training programs can improve latent HA performance in young novice drivers, but these improvements are below the ceiling level.

Method: Twenty-five participants were randomly assigned to either the Placebo group, the ACCEL-1 group, or the ACCEL-2 group.

Aging and the Future of Decent Work.

The United Nations identified decent work and economic growth as a sustainable development goal for 2030. Decent work is a term that sums up aspirations for people in their working lives. One of the factors that influences the achievement of decent work is aging.

Impact of L2 automated systems on hazard anticipation and mitigation behavior of young drivers with varying levels of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptomatology.

Level 2 (L2) driving automation systems that maintain latitudinal and longitudinal control of the vehicle decrease mental workload and result in drivers failing to monitor and respond to potential roadway hazards. This issue is potentially important for young drivers with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) since they have known difficulties anticipating and mitigating potential hazards on the road, a skill which requires attention. The objective of this study is to investigate how the use of partially automated (L2) systems and manual systems impacts hazard anticipation and mitigation among young drivers with varying levels of ADHD symptomatology.

The effect of hazard awareness training on teen drivers of varying socioeconomic status.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of the Risk Awareness and Perception Training (RAPT) program among teens of various socioeconomic status (SES).

Methods: A secondary analysis was undertaken of data collected from 5036 teen participants for a study in 2011. They were randomly assigned to either receive RAPT or a placebo training.

Effectiveness of visual warnings on young drivers hazard anticipation and hazard mitigation abilities.

Previous studies have demonstrated that young drivers fail both to scan for and mitigate latent hazards mostly due to their cluelessness. This study aims to investigate whether these skills could be improved by providing young drivers with alerts in advance of the upcoming threat using a driving simulator experiment. In particular, the warning was presented on the head-up displays (HUD) either 2 s, 3 s or 4 s in advance of a latent threat.

Effective cues for accelerating young drivers' time to transfer control following a period of conditional automation.

Objective: During conditional automated driving, a transition from the automated driving suite to manual control requires the driver to take over control at a moment's notice. Thus, it is critical that a driver be made situationally aware as quickly as possible in those conditions where he or she may not be paying full attention. Recent research suggests that specific cues about upcoming hazards (e.

Eye Tracking: A Novel Approach for Evaluating and Improving the Safety of Healthcare Processes in the Simulated Setting.

Introduction: Eye tracking, used to evaluate a clinician's eye movements, is an example of an existing technology being used in novel ways by patient safety researchers in the simulated setting. The use of eye-tracking technology has the potential to augment current teaching, evaluation, and research methods in simulated settings by using this quantitative, objective data to better understand why an individual performed as he or she did on a simulated or naturalistic task.

Methods: Selected literature was reviewed with the purpose of explicating how eye tracking can be used by researchers and educators to evaluate error-prone processes.

Age-Related Differences in Vehicle Control and Eye Movement Patterns at Intersections: Older and Middle-Aged Drivers.

Older drivers are at increased risk of intersection crashes. Previous work found that older drivers execute less frequent glances for detecting potential threats at intersections than middle-aged drivers. Yet, earlier work has also shown that an active training program doubled the frequency of these glances among older drivers, suggesting that these effects are not necessarily due to age-related functional declines.

Large reductions are possible in older driver crashes at intersections.

Among all crash types, the largest percentage of older driver fatalities occur at intersections. Many explanations have been offered for older drivers' increased risks of crashing at intersections; however, only recently was it determined that older drivers were much less likely to glance for latent threats after entering an intersection than middle-aged drivers. In response, training programmes were designed to increase the frequency of such glances.

The effects of brief visual interruption tasks on drivers' ability to resume their visual search for a pre-cued hazard.

Driver visual distraction is known to increase the likelihood of being involved in a crash, especially for long glances inside the vehicle. The detrimental impact of these in-vehicle glances may carry over and disrupt the ongoing processing of information after the driver glances back up on the road. This study explored the effect of different types of visual tasks inside the vehicle on the top-down processes that guide the detection and monitoring of road hazards after the driver glances back towards the road.

SPIDER: A Framework for Understanding Driver Distraction.

Objective: The objective was to identify key cognitive processes that are impaired when drivers divert attention from driving.

Background: Driver distraction is increasingly recognized as a significant source of injuries and fatalities on the roadway.

Method/results: A "SPIDER" model is developed that identifies key cognitive processes that are impaired when drivers divert attention from driving.

Evaluation of a Risk Awareness Perception Training Program on Novice Teen Driver Behavior at Left-Turn Intersections.

Collisions at left turn intersections are among the most prevalent types of teen driver serious crashes, with inadequate surveillance as a key factor. Risk awareness perception training (RAPT) has shown effectiveness in improving hazard anticipation for latent hazards. The goal of this study was to determine if RAPT version 3 (RAPT-3) improved intersection turning behaviors among novice teen drivers when the hazards were not latent and frequent glancing to multiple locations at the intersection was needed.

Cognitive Distraction in the Wild: Next Steps-Addressing a Not-So-Humdrum Conundrum.

Strayer et al. in this volume show that increases in cognitive workload caused by drivers' involvement in distracting activities that allow them to keep their eyes on the road lead to decrements in indices of safe driving performance. Although there is agreement that in-vehicle tasks that require drivers to take their eyes off the road increase crash risk, there is mounting controversy about whether in-vehicle tasks that do not require drivers to take their eyes off the forward roadway increase crash risk-thus the conundrum: How can there be an abundance of cognitively distracting activities and controversy about whether such activities increase crash risk?

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a multi-skill program for training younger drivers on higher cognitive skills.

Training programs exist that prove effective at teaching novice drivers to anticipate latent hazards (RAPT), mitigate hazards (ACT) and maintain attention (FOCAL). The current study (a) measures the effectiveness of a novel integrated training program (SAFE-T) that takes only a third as long to complete compared to the three individual training programs and (b) determines if integrating the training of all the three higher cognitive skills would yield results comparable to the existing programs. Three groups were evaluated: SAFE-T, RAPT and Placebo.

High throughput screening identifies ATP-competitive inhibitors of the NLRP1 inflammasome.

Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors that are promising targets for the development of anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Drug discovery efforts targeting NLRs have been hampered by their inherent tendency to form aggregates making protein generation and the development of screening assays very challenging. Herein we report the results of an HTS screen of NLR family member NLRP1 (NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 1) which was achieved through the large scale generation of recombinant GST-His-Thrombin-NLRP1 protein.

Sequential in-vehicle glance distributions: an alternative approach for analyzing glance data.

Objective: The aim of this study was to illustrate how a consideration of glance sequences to in-vehicle tasks and their associated distributions can be informative.

Background: The rapid growth in the number of nomadic technologies and in-vehicle devices has the potential to create complex, visually intensive tasks for drivers that may incur long in-vehicle glances. Such glances place drivers at increased risk of a motor vehicle crash.