Repeated polyploidization of Gossypium genomes and the evolution of spinnable cotton fibres.

Polyploidy often confers emergent properties, such as the higher fibre productivity and quality of tetraploid cottons than diploid cottons bred for the same environments. Here we show that an abrupt five- to sixfold ploidy increase approximately 60 million years (Myr) ago, and allopolyploidy reuniting divergent Gossypium genomes approximately 1-2 Myr ago, conferred about 30-36-fold duplication of ancestral angiosperm (flowering plant) genes in elite cottons (Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense), genetic complexity equalled only by Brassica among sequenced angiosperms. Nascent fibre evolution, before allopolyploidy, is elucidated by comparison of spinnable-fibred Gossypium herbaceum A and non-spinnable Gossypium longicalyx F genomes to one another and the outgroup D genome of non-spinnable Gossypium raimondii.

Arthroscopic treatment of a symptomatic hip plica.

Synovial plicae are detected most readily by diagnostic arthroscopy. As arthroscopic techniques are applied more frequently to various joints, it should be expected that the diagnosis of plica syndrome will become more common. The authors present a case of symptomatic plica in the hip of a competitive runner, who was treated with arthroscopic resection.

Clinical testing for tears of the glenoid labrum.

Purpose: With the increasing use of shoulder arthroscopy, diagnosis of glenoid labral lesions has become increasingly common. However, a physical examination maneuver that would allow a definitive clinical diagnosis of a glenoid labral tear, and more specifically a SLAP lesion, has been elusive. This study correlated the results of commonly used examination maneuvers with findings at shoulder arthroscopy.