European multicentre study evaluating the prognosis of peripheral early-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients operated on by segmentectomy or lobectomy.

Objectives: To analyse impact of segmentectomy on oncological outcomes of different peripheral early-stage lung adenocarcinoma patterns.

Methods: Retrospective multicentre study including patients who underwent either lobectomy or segmentectomy in 6 European centres from 2015 to 2021, for ≤2 cm pathological peripheral lung adenocarcinoma. Overall and disease-free survivals were assessed by cox-regression and lung cancer-specific survival by competing regression analyses to adjust for patient- and tumour-related factors both in the entire dataset and the in aggressive adenocarcinoma patterns dataset.

Pavlovian or associative sensitization and its biological significance.

Pavlovian conditioning is typically distinguished from sensitization but a Pavlovian conditional stimulus (CS) also results in sensitization. A Pavlovian CS can sensitize responding to a probe stimulus that is related to the unconditional stimulus (US) or to the US itself. Pavlovian sensitization has been studied in the defensive, sexual, and feeding systems.

The elegant complexity of fear in non-human animals.

Activation of the fear system is adaptive, and protects individuals from impending harm; yet, exacerbation of the fear system is at the source of anxiety-related disorders. Here, we briefly review the 'why' and 'how' of fear, with an emphasis on models that encapsulate the elegant complexity of rodents' behavioral responding in the face of impending harm, and its relevance to developing treatment interventions.

Lung Transplantation for End-Stage Respiratory Failure After Severe COVID-19: A Report of 2 Cases.

We report 2 cases of bilateral lung transplantation for nonresolving coronavirus disease 2019 associated respiratory failure. In the first patient, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection caused acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support; in the second patient, coronavirus disease 2019 resulted in irreversible pulmonary fibrosis requiring only ventilatory support. The 2 cases represent the 2 ends of the spectrum showing significant differences in preoperative and postoperative courses.

The behavior system for sexual learning.

In this paper we review and update evidence relevant to formulating a behavior system for sexual learning. We emphasize behavioral rather than neurobiological evidence and mechanisms. Our analysis focuses on three types of responses or response modes: general search, focal search, and consummatory or copulatory behavior.

Single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) right pneumonectomy: a case report.

When it comes to surgical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), modern principles dictate that every possible effort should be made to avoid pneumonectomy, its debilitating consequences and a higher rate of complications. In marginal cases where video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) sleeve or double sleeve lobectomy cannot be performed a conversion to open sleeve lobectomy is always preferred over a VATS pneumonectomy. We present a case of a 64-year-old male patient with two synchronous tumors of the right lung, both centrally located in the right upper and the right lower lobe.

Elicited versus emitted behavior: Time to abandon the distinction.

The concept of emitted behavior was formulated as a part of the original argument for the validity of a new kind of learning called operant conditioning. The rationale for operant conditioning contrasted it with Pavlovian or classical conditioning, which was (and remains) fundamentally based on responses to conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Classical conditioned responses were said to be elicited.

Robert (Bob) L. Helmreich (1937-2012).

Presents an obituary for Robert (Bob) L. Helmreich (1937-2012). Helmreich was born April 29, 1937, in Kansas City, Missouri, the only son of Ralph and Caroline Helmreich.

Learning in intimate connections: Conditioned fertility and its role in sexual competition.

Background: Studies of sexual conditioning typically focus on the development of conditioned responses to a stimulus that precedes and has become associated with a sexual unconditioned stimulus (US). Such a sexually conditioned stimulus (CS) provides the opportunity for feed-forward regulation of sexual behavior, which improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the sexual activity.

Objective And Design: The present experiments were conducted to provide evidence of such feed-forward regulation of sexual behavior in laboratory studies with domesticated quail by measuring how many fertilized eggs were produced by the female after the sexual encounter.

Analysis of nutrition mixtures in ITU patients.

Background: The aim of this study was to analyse the composition of parenteral nutrition (PN) mixtures used in the ITU.

Methods: Restrospective analysis involved 2124 prescriptions for individual PN bags. They were administered over an 18-month period, to 160 ITU patients with the mean APACHE II score of 26 points (range: 5-61), calculated on admission.

Conditioning of sexual proceptivity in female quail: measures of conditioned place preference.

The present experiments were conducted to explore the nature of conditioned sexual proceptivity in female quail. Females exposed to males subsequently approached the area where the males were previously housed (Experiment 1). This increased preference for the male's area reflected an increase in female sexual proceptivity and not an increase in non-directed locomotor activity (Experiment 2).

Sexual experience modulates neuronal activity in male Japanese quail.

After an initial increase, repeated exposure to a particular stimulus or familiarity with an event results in lower immediate early gene expression levels in relevant brain structures. We predicted that similar effects would occur in Japanese quail after repeated sexual experience within brain areas involved in sexual behavior, namely, the medial preoptic nucleus (POM), the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST), and the nucleus taeniae of the amygdala (TnA), an avian homolog of medial amygdala. High experience subjects copulated with a female once on each of 16 consecutive days, whereas low experience subjects were allowed to copulate either once or twice.

Learning effects on sperm competition and reproductive fitness.

Learning and other common psychological processes presumably evolved because they contribute to reproductive fitness, but reproductive outcomes are rarely measured in psychology experiments. We examined the effects of Pavlovian conditioning on reproductive fitness in a sperm-competition situation. Typically, two males mating with the same female in immediate succession sire similar numbers of offspring.

Sexual fetishism in a quail (Coturnix japonica) model system: test of reproductive success.

In the present study, the authors explored the reproductive consequences of fetishistic behavior in a previously developed animal model of sexual fetishism (F. Köksal et al., 2004).

Pavlovian conditioning: a functional perspective.

From a functional perspective, Pavlovian conditioning involves learning about conditioned stimuli (CSs) that have a pre-existing relation to an unconditioned stimulus (US) rather than learning about arbitrary or neutral CSs. In addition, the most important product of learning involves changes in how the organism responds to the US, not in how it responds to the CS, because the US is the more biologically relevant stimulus. These concepts are illustrated using examples from a variety of behavioral and physiological situations including caloric intake and digestion, breast feeding, poison-avoidance learning, eyeblink conditioning, sexual conditioning, fear conditioning, aggression, and drug tolerance and sensitization.

An animal model of fetishism.

An animal model of sexual fetishism was developed with male Japanese quail based on persistence of conditioned sexual responding during extinction to an inanimate object made of terrycloth (Experiments 1 and 3). This persistent responding occurred only in subjects that came to copulate with the terrycloth object, suggesting that the copulatory behavior served to maintain the fetishistic behavior. Sexual conditioning was carried out by pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS) with the opportunity to copulate with a female (the unconditioned stimulus or US).

Learning with arbitrary versus ecological conditioned stimuli: evidence from sexual conditioning.

Laboratory investigations of Pavlovian conditioning typically involve the association of an arbitrary conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that has no inherent relation to the CS. However, arbitrary CSs are unlikely to become conditioned outside the laboratory, because they do not occur often enough with the US to result in an association. Learning under natural circumstances is likely only if the CS has a preexisting relation to the US.

Relative contributions of the male and the female to sexual behavior and reproductive success in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).

Two contrasting investigative techniques provided evidence consistent with the interpretation that female quail (Coturnix japonica) regulate male copulatory behavior by the duration of their immobility and through this behavioral mechanism they also control the rate of fertilization of their eggs. In Experiment 1, copulation tests with males and females from different genetic lines showed that the type of female that participated in a copulatory test significantly influenced the latency of the male's grab, mount, and cloacal contact responses and also determined the efficiency of the male's copulatory behavior. These measures of male performance were correlated with female immobility in Experiment 2, which used a more homogeneous population of quail.

Extinction of conditioned sexual responses in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica): role of species-typical cues.

The authors examined how a conditioned stimulus (CS) that included species-typical cues affected the acquisition and extinction of conditioned sexual responses in male quail (Coturnix japonica). Some subjects were conditioned with a CS that supported sexual responses and included a taxidermic head of a female quail. Others were conditioned with a similar CS that lacked species-typical cues.

Stepping outside the box in considering the C/T ratio.

Rate expectancy theory (RET) predicts that in Pavlovian procedures conditioned responding will be directly related to the ratio of time spent in the experimental context (C) relative to the trial time (T) or duration of the conditioned stimulus (CS). This prediction was discussed in the context of three experiments. The first and third experiments involved sexual conditioning in quail [Learn Motiv 31 (2000) 211; J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Processes 27 (2001) 269]; the second experiment involved conditioning rats with food as the unconditioned stimulus (US) [Learn Motiv 28(1997) 465].

Research productivity in animal learning from 1953 to 2000.

Searches conducted with Medline and PsycInfo showed that the number of publications dealing with learning in animals increased between 1975 and 2000 and that the increase was substantially greater in Medline than in PsycInfo. An examination of major journals dealing with behavioral studies of conditioning and learning for the years 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, and 2000 revealed a different pattern of results. The number of papers published in these journals increased from 1953 to 1973 but has been declining steadily since then.

Topography of spatially directed conditioned responding: effects of context and trial duration.

Domesticated quail (Coturnix japonica) received a discrete conditioned stimulus (CS) at one end of the experimental chamber paired with the opportunity to copulate with a female quail (the unconditioned stimulus) in a goal box located 112 cm away. Approach to the CS (sign tracking) and approach to the goal area (goal tracking) were measured. The duration of exposure to the experimental context (C) was varied in Experiment 1, and the duration of the conditioning trials (T) was varied in Experiment 2 for independent groups, creating C/T ratios of 1.

Pavlovian feed-forward mechanisms in the control of social behavior.

The conceptual and investigative tools for the analysis of social behavior can be expanded by integrating biological theory, control systems theory, and Pavlovian conditioning. Biological theory has focused on the costs and benefits of social behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives. In contrast, control systems theory is concerned with how machines achieve a particular goal or purpose.