Common and Rare Manifestations of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder.

The discovery of a highly specific biomarker of neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-the anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody-has opened new paths to understanding disease pathogenesis and afforded a way to confirm the diagnosis in clinical practice. An important consequence of the discovery is the broadening of the spectrum of syndromes seen in the context of AQP4 autoimmunity. These syndromes have been subsumed under the rubric of NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD).

Prevalence and clinical features of multiple sclerosis in Latin America.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) in Latin America (LA) is considered to have a low to medium prevalence. However, accurate information on MS in LA is scarce. The aim of this study was to compare clinical characteristics among LA patients through a systematic review of the literature.