Clinical and Biochemical Phenotype of Adolescent Males with Gynecomastia.

Objective: Gynecomastia is defined as a benign proliferation of male breast glandular tissue. Its prevalence during puberty varies between 50-60% and is also common in neonatal and elderly males. It develops mainly due to the disequilibrium between estrogen and androgen activity in breast tissue, where estradiol (E2) binds to estrogen receptors and stimulates ductal and glandular cells.

Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Methods of Labour Pain Relief-Establishment of Effectiveness and Comparison.

: To evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain relief methods and to compare them. : 258 women were included in the study and interviewed using a questionnaire and the visual analogue scale for pain. They were divided into six groups depending on chosen method of labour pain relief: epidural anaesthesia (EA; = 42), water immersion and water birth (WB; = 40), nitrous oxide gas for pain control (G; = 40), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) ( = 50), multiple management (MM; = 42), none (N; = 44).