[Diagnostic imaging of the prostate cancer].

Diagnosis of the prostate cancer is based on clinical, biochemical and histological examinations, as well as various imaging techniques. From the last listed group, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides precise identification of focal areas and local staging of the cancer. It improves evaluation of the local extracapsular extension and involvement of regional lymph nodes, which has significant implications for a patient management.

[Contemporary methods of treatment in local advanced prostate cancer].

The prostate cancer is one of the most often cancers amongst males. Its frequency is increasing with age. Thanks to widespread of screening denomination of specific prostate specific antigen (PSA), ultrasonography including the one in transrectal (TRUS), computed tomography, magnetic resonance and especially the awareness of society, the number of patients with low local advance of illness is increasing.

[Epidemiology and risk factors of the prostate cancer].

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy of male genital organs. The etiology of the disease is complex and remains mainly unclear. The only established risk factors are advancing age, ethnicity and genetics, including changing in expression of ELAC2, RNASEL, MSR1 and HOXB13 genes as well as low number of CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene.

[Epidemiology and risk factors of the cervical squamous cell carcinoma].

Neoplasm of the cervix, especially squamous cell cancer, is one of the most common malignancy of female genital organs. It etiology is complex; however, human papilloma virus (mostly HPV type 18, 16 and 45) infection seems to be the most important one. Other risk factors include: early sexual initiation, multiple pregnancies and labors, concomitant infections (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhea, HSV2 - herpes simplex virus) of the genital tract, AIDS, immunosuppressive therapy, smoking and low socioeconomic status.