Effectiveness of phentolamine mesylate, vibration and photobiomodulation in reducing pain and the reversal of local anesthesia: A systematic review.

Background: Dental anesthesia administration often triggers unpleasant sensations, particularly needle injection-related pain, which can evoke fear among patients, especially in the pediatric population. Vibration and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) have been extensively studied as potential methods for alleviating pain. Additionally, phentolamine mesylate (PM) has shown promise in reducing the duration of anesthesia.