Workplace violence against healthcare workers in the emergency department - a 10-year retrospective single-center cohort study.

Background: Medical staff are regularly confronted with workplace violence (WPV), which poses a threat to the safety of both staff and patients. Structured de-escalation training (DET) for Emergency Department (ED) staff has been shown to positively affect the reporting of WPV incidents and possibly reduce its impact. This study aimed to describe the development of incidence rates, causes, means, targets, locations, responses, and the time of WPV events.

The dynamics of carbon dioxide equilibration after alterations in the respiratory rate.

Manual or automated control of mechanical ventilation can be realized as an open or closed-loop system for which the regulation of the ventilation parameters ideally is tuned to the dynamics and equilibration time of the biological system. We investigated the dynamic, transient state and equilibration time (teq) of the CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) after changes in the respiratory rate (RR). In 17 anaesthetized patients without known history of lung disease, respiratory rate was alternately increased and decreased and end-tidal CO2 partial pressures (PetCO2) were measured.