Geometric and colour data fusion for outdoor 3D models.

This paper deals with the generation of accurate, dense and coloured 3D models of outdoor scenarios from scanners. This is a challenging research field in which several problems still remain unsolved. In particular, the process of 3D model creation in outdoor scenes may be inefficient if the scene is digitalized under unsuitable technical (specific scanner on-board camera) and environmental (rain, dampness, changing illumination) conditions.

The association between birthplace in different regions of the world and cardiovascular mortality among residents of Spain.

The objective of this study is to estimate the association of birthplace with mortality from cardiovascular diseases in residents of Spain by analysing immigrant populations that are unlikely to have adopted health-related attitudes and behaviours of the host country. Data from the population register and cause of death register were used for the period 2001-2005. The study included people aged 20-64 years.

[Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in immigrants residing in Madrid].

Background And Objective: To estimate the mortality from cardiovascular diseases in immigrants residing in one of the regions of Spain with the highest immigration rate during the early years of the 21st century.

Population And Method: The study included people aged 20 to 64 years of age residing in Madrid for the period 2000-2004. Mortality form cardiovascular disease in immigrants from different parts of the world was compared with the mortality in the native Spanish population.

Major reduction in AIDS-mortality inequalities after HAART: the importance of absolute differences in evaluating interventions.

This study estimates the magnitude of inequalities in AIDS mortality in the period when highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was introduced and after its widespread dissemination in the Region of Madrid, Spain. Two population cohorts were constructed by linking records from 1996 and 2001 population censuses with mortality registry records after initial and full implementation of HAART, respectively. Absolute and relative differences in AIDS mortality in people aged 20-49 years were estimated in each population cohort according to neighbourhood and individual socioeconomic position.

Socioeconomic environment, availability of sports facilities, and jogging, swimming and gym use.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of the availability of sports facilities and socioeconomic environment with jogging, swimming and gym use in Spain. The indicators of availability of sports facilities were the number of swimming pools and the number of gyms per 10,000 population. The indicators of socioeconomic environment were average provincial income and provincial unemployment rate.

Socioeconomic patterns in the use of public and private health services and equity in health care.

Background: Several studies in wealthy countries suggest that utilization of GP and hospital services, after adjusting for health care need, is equitable or pro-poor, whereas specialist care tends to favour the better off. Horizontal equity in these studies has not been evaluated appropriately, since the use of healthcare services is analysed without distinguishing between public and private services. The purpose of this study is to estimate the relation between socioeconomic position and health services use to determine whether the findings are compatible with the attainment of horizontal equity: equal use of public healthcare services for equal need.

Heterogeneity in cause-specific mortality according to birthplace in immigrant men residing in Madrid, Spain.

Purpose: To evaluate whether mortality in immigrants in the region of Madrid (Spain) differs from mortality in Spanish in-country migrants.

Methods: Analyses of mortality in men aged 20 to 64 years residing in Madrid were conducted, using data from the municipal population register and the cause of death register for the period 2000 through 2004. Mortality rate ratios were used to compare mortality in immigrants from different parts of the world with mortality in men residing in Madrid who were born in other regions in Spain.

The association of current and sustained area-based adverse socioeconomic environment with physical inactivity.

This paper evaluates the association between socioeconomic environment in the province of residence and physical inactivity, using measures of current and sustained area-based adverse socioeconomic environment. The analysis included 19,324 individuals representative of the Spanish non-institutionalised population aged 16-74 years. The measure of association estimated was the prevalence odds ratio for physical inactivity by current gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc) and current Gini coefficient, and by number of times each province has had a low GDPpc and number of times each province has had a high Gini coefficient in the last two decades.

[Life socioeconomic circumstances, physical inactivity and obesity influences on metabolic syndrome].

Background: Majority of the studies have evaluated the independent effect of each risk factor on several component of metabolic syndrome. This study investigates the influence of accumulation of risk factor through life course (socioeconomic circumstances, physical activity and obesity) on the risk of metabolic syndrome and their components in older population in Spain.

Method: We have studied 4009 subjects representative of the Spanish non-institutionalised population aged 60 years and older.

[Association of income with use of and access to health services in Spain at the beginning of the XXI century].

Objective: To estimate the association of household income and provincial income with visits to general practitioners and specialists and with hospitalization and to determine whether waiting times to access these services vary with both economic variables.

Method: Data from the 2001 National Health Survey were used. The association was estimated by sex- and age-adjusted odds ratios; in the case of per capita income, odds ratios were also adjusted for household income.

Trends of socioeconomic inequalities and socioeconomic inequalities in self-perceived health in Spain.

Objective: To study the trends of socioeconomic inequalities and socioeconomic inequalities in self-perceived health in Spain between 1987 and 2001.

Methods: We estimated the distribution of educational level and per capita provincial income, and the differences in less-than-good self-perceived health by educational level and per capita provincial income in each period.

Results: The percentage of the population that had completed secondary or higher education was larger and inequality in per capita provincial income was smaller in 2001 than in 1987.

[Material well-being of the province of residence and leisure-time physical inactivity].

Objective: To estimate the association between material wellbeing of the province of residence and leisure-time physical inactivity in the Spanish population aged 16 years and older.

Methods: We used data from the Survey on Disabilities, Impairments and Health Status carried out by the Statistical National Institute in 1999. We analyse 24,561 women and 21,133 men.

Association of adult socioeconomic position with hypertension in older people.

Objective: To determine the role of obesity, adult behavioural risk factors, and markers of specific childhood exposures in the association between adult socioeconomic position and hypertension in a cohort of people aged 60 years and older.

Design: Cross sectional study.

Setting: Spain.

Decreasing socioeconomic inequalities and increasing health inequalities in Spain: a case study.

Objectives: We examined the evolution of income inequalities and health inequalities in Spain from the time of the country's entry into the European Union.

Methods: We estimated distributions of provincial income and household income, relations of provincial income with mortality and disability, and relations of household income with disability in 1984-1986 and 1999-2001.

Results: Inequalities in average provincial income and household income were lower in 2000 than in 1985.

Income in large residential areas and premature mortality in six countries of the European Union.

We study the relation between per capita income and mortality within six countries of the European Union - Finland, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy and Spain - in 1981-1985 and 1996-2000. We obtained information on gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc) and mortality in large residential areas. The areas in each country were grouped in quintiles as a function of GDPpc.

Occupational social class and mortality in a population of men economically active: the contribution of education and employment situation.

This study examines how education and employment situation contribute to the association between a classification of occupational class based on skill assets and mortality from different causes of death. Data were obtained by linking records from the 1996 population census for Spanish men aged 35-64 residing in Madrid with 1996 and 1997 mortality records. The risk of mortality was higher in skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers than in higher and lower managerial and professional workers.

Association between congenital anomalies and paternal exposure to agricultural pesticides depending on mother's employment status.

Objective: We analyzed the association between fetal death from congenital anomalies and paternal agricultural occupation in mothers who were employed and in housewives.

Materials And Methods: The data consist of individual records from the Spanish Birth Register (1995-1999).

Results: The adjusted relative risk of fetal death in agricultural workers compared with nonagricultural was 1.

Socioeconomic position in childhood and cardiovascular risk factors in older Spanish people.

Objective: To investigate the association between childhood social class and the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 4009 subjects representative of the Spanish non-institutionalized population aged >or =60 years, for whom information was available on father's occupation. We estimated the prevalence of hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol intake.

Unusually strong association between education and mortality in young adults in a community with a high rate of injection-drug users.

Background: To examine the association between education and mortality for various causes of death in young adults in a community with a high rate of injection-drug users.

Methods: Linked mortality study based on mortality records for 1996 and 1997 and on 1996 population census data from the Region of Madrid (Spain). The association between educational level and mortality was estimated by the mortality rate ratio.

The size of educational differences in mortality from specific causes of death in men and women.

This study examines the association between education and mortality from specific causes of death based on mortality records for 1996 and 1997, and 1996 population census data from the Region of Madrid (Spain). Poisson regression models were used to estimate the percentage increase in mortality associated with 1 year less education. The percentage increases in mortality from stomach cancer, lung, bladder and liver cancers, for aids, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia and influenza, and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis were higher in men than in women, whereas the percentage increases in mortality from colon cancer, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease and nephritis, nephrosis and nephrotic syndrome were higher in women.

[Socioeconomic circumstances and premature mortality from chronic diseases].

Background And Objective: Our aim was to investigate the association between socioeconomic factors in childhood or adolescence and adulthood and premature mortality from various causes of death.

Subjects And Method: Men and women aged 25-74 years residing on May 1, 1996, in the Autonomous Community of Madrid. For the next 19 months, information on individuals who died and the cause of death were obtained from the Mortality Register.

Trends in the association between average income, poverty and income inequality and life expectancy in Spain.

In this paper, we study the relation between life expectancy and both average income and measures of income inequality in 1980 and 1990, using the 17 Spanish regions as units of analysis. Average income was measured as average total income per household. The indicators of income inequality used were three measures of relative poverty-the percentage of households with total income less than 25%, 40% and 50% of the average total household income-the Gini index and the Atkinson indices with parameters alpha=1, 1.

Comparing social inequalities in health in Spain: 1987 and 1995/97.

To evaluate the trend in social inequalities in health in Spain between 1987 and 1995/97, we carried out a secondary analysis of the Spanish National Interview Surveys from 1987, 1995 and 1997. We studied less-than-good perceived general health and four chronic conditions--heart disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic bronchitis/asthma and allergies--by social class and educational level in men and women aged 25-74 years. Among men, the age-adjusted prevalence rate ratio of less-than-good perceived general health by social class decreased from 1.

[Failure in the control of the number of traffic accident victims in Spain. Is this a result of the correct answer to the wrong question?].

Although various measures have been implemented in Spain with the aim to modifying the behavior of motor vehicle users, it has not been observed a descending trend in traffic accident and injuries from traffic accident. This article considers the question of whether the measures taken to reduce motor vehicle crash-related injuries in Spain have targeted the causes that are truly responsible for this trend. Using several sources of data, beginning in 1990 it has been observed a significant reduction in traffic accidents and their consequences, but in the second half of the 90s the growth in motor vehicle crash-related injuries was similar to the increase observed in the 80s.

Infant mortality at time of birth and cause-specific adult mortality among residents of the Region of Madrid born elsewhere in Spain.

Background: To investigate the association between infant mortality at time of birth and mortality from various causes of death in adulthood in men and women.

Methods: Linked mortality study based on mortality records for 1996 and 1997 and on 1996 population census data of the Region of Madrid (Spain). Deaths from five cancer sites and from five chronic diseases were estimated for 1 224 894 people aged 35-74 years residing in the Region of Madrid who were born elsewhere in Spain.