Relationship between complex fractionated electrograms (CFE) and dominant frequency (DF) sites and prospective assessment of adding DF-guided ablation to pulmonary vein isolation in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF).

Background: Sites of high DF are potential targets for AF ablation, but it is unknown if addition of DF ablation can improve procedural outcome.

Objectives: We sought to (1) examine the relationship between DF sites and complex fractionated electrograms (CFE) and (2) prospectively assess the long-term outcome of adding DF ablation to pulmonary vein antral isolation (PVAI) for persistent AF.

Methods: First, 20 patients with persistent AF who underwent previous CFE-guided ablation and who had AF terminate during ablation were studied retrospectively (group I).