LGD-4033 and a Case of Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Exploring the Clinical Implications of Off-Label Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Use in Healthy Adults.

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), designed to treat conditions such as muscle wasting and osteoporosis, are widely used among healthy adults seeking muscle hypertrophy and enhanced athletic performance, despite a lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. This trend may be driven by the misconception that SARMs are safer alternatives to anabolic steroids. However, SARMs such as LGD-4033 (Ligandrol) are associated with significant adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular complications, endocrine disturbances, and psychiatric symptoms.

Anomalous Origin of the Left Vertebral Artery from the Aortic Arch.

Anatomic anomalies of the aortic arch have implications for clinical practice if their significance is understood. Our case study involves a cadaveric finding of the left vertebral artery originating directly from the aortic arch. Although this anatomical variation has been documented, the prevalence of this anomaly may be generally underestimated.

Essential roles of enteric neuronal serotonin in gastrointestinal motility and the development/survival of enteric dopaminergic neurons.

The gut contains a large 5-HT pool in enterochromaffin (EC) cells and a smaller 5-HT pool in the enteric nervous system (ENS). During development, enteric neurons are generated asynchronously. We tested hypotheses that serotonergic neurons, which arise early, affect development/survival of later-born dopaminergic, GABAergic, nitrergic, and calcitonin gene-related peptide-expressing neurons and are essential for gastrointestinal motility.