The volitional travel speed varies with reproductive state in mature female brown trout Salmo trutta.

This study tested the effect of reproduction on the volitional travel speed of mature female brown trout Salmo trutta L. The downstream travel speed in the pre-spawning state was 0.25 m s(-1) (95% CI : 0.

Comparison of different vaccines and induced immune response against Campylobacter jejuni colonization in the infant mouse.

The degree of protection conferred by vaccinated dams on infant mice against colonization by Campylobacter jejuni depended on the bacterial strain, preparation, and route of administration of the vaccine. In some instances of homologous protection, serum bactericidal titres correlated well with protection. However, boiled C.

Cross-protection of infant mice against intestinal colonisation by Campylobacter jejuni: importance of heat-labile serotyping (Lior) antigens.

An association of the heat-labile antigens detected by the Lior serotyping scheme with ability to protect infant mice against gastrointestinal colonisation with Campylobacter jejuni has been established. Overall, 39 (57%) of 68 infant mice challenged with a heterologous strain of the same Lior serotype as the vaccine strain were protected, compared with 40 (85%) of 47 infants protected against a homologous challenge. In contrast, none of the infant mice challenged with a strain carrying the same heat-stable antigens (i.

Nitrate- and nitrite-reducing bacteria in the achlorhydric stomach.

The microbial composition of samples of gastric juice from eight achlorhydric patients was determined by aerobic and rigorously anaerobic culture techniques. Bacteria from 16 genera were commonly isolated, but representatives of only three genera, (streptococci, neisseriae and haemophili) were isolated from every patient. Nitrate and nitrite were both reduced by veillonellae, haemophili, staphylococci, corynebacteria, lactobacilli, flavobacteria and fusobacteria, but the potential rate of nitrate reduction by suspensions of veillonellae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae and members of the Enterobacteriaceae were up to ten times more rapid than the rate of nitrite reduction.

The mechanism of protection of infant mice from intestinal colonisation with Campylobacter jejuni.

BALB/c mice, vaccinated intraperitoneally with a heat-killed (62 degrees C) suspension of Campylobacter jejuni before mating, completely protect c. 90% of their own infants from intestinal colonisation. This protection has now been investigated further in fostering experiments.

The protection of infant mice from colonization with Campylobacter jejuni by vaccination of the dams.

Intraperitoneal vaccination of female mice, before mating, with a whole cell, heat-killed (62 degrees C) vaccine of Campylobacter jejuni allowed the mother to confer immunity to her young, challenged orally 4-6 days after birth with the homologous strain. There was no protection against a strain of another serotype. Heating the vaccine to 100 degrees C destroyed its protective properties.

Campylobacter pyloridis in peptic ulcer disease: microbiology, pathology, and scanning electron microscopy.

After the recent successful isolation of spiral organisms from the stomach this paper presents the bacteriological and pathological correlation of gastric antral biopsies from 51 patients endoscopied for upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Campylobacter pyloridis was cultured from 29 patients and seen by either silver staining of the biopsy or scanning electron microscopy in an additional three. The organism was cultured from 23 of the 33 (69%) patients with peptic ulcer disease and from within this group 17 (80%) of the 21 patients with duodenal ulceration.

Investigations on the role of flagella in the colonization of infant mice with Campylobacter jejuni and attachment of Campylobacter jejuni to human epithelial cell lines.

The biochemical and biological properties of the flagella of Campylobacter jejuni have been investigated using two variants selected from a flagellate, motile clinical isolate (strain 81116): a flagellate, non-motile variant (SF-1) and an aflagellate variant (SF-2). Phenotypic and biochemical analysis of the strains and amino acid analysis of the isolated flagella suggest that the variants differed from the wild-type strain only in the absence of flagella and/or motility. The aflagellate variant poorly colonized the gastrointestinal tract of infant mice but the flagellate, non-motile variant colonized the mice as successfully as the wild-type strain.

Microbial and metabolic profile of achlorhydric stomach: comparison of pernicious anaemia and hypogammaglobulinaemia.

The microbial flora and some of its metabolites and enzymes in the stomach were compared in patients with achlorhydria, pernicious anaemia, and primary hypogammaglobulinaemia and in patients with dyspepsia with normal gastric acidity. Detailed analysis of the flora of the gastric juice and of the mucosa from the antrum, body, and fundus in six patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia (mean pH 8.2), seven patients with pernicious anaemia (mean pH 7.

Detection of campylobacter by immunofluorescence in stools and rectal biopsies of patients with diarrhoea.

Rabbit antiserum, elicited by the intravenous injection of a strain of Campylobacter jejuni heated to 100 degrees C, cross reacted strongly with all other thermophilic campylobacters tested as well as with "C pyloridis" and could be detected by indirect fluorescence with labelled anti-rabbit serum. Antisera to formalin killed cells did not do so. The correlation of positive stool culture with positive immunofluorescence of stools and rectal biopsies from patients with diarrhoea was 70-80%.

Bacterial colonization and nitrite concentration in the achlorhydric stomachs of patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia or classical pernicious anaemia.

The degree and type of bacterial colonization was similar in achlorhydric patients with either severe primary hypogammaglobulinaemia or classical pernicious anaemia. This suggests that antibodies do not play a significant part in controlling the gastric flora in achlorhydric patients. The nitrite concentration in gastric juice was higher in the hypogammaglobulinaemia patients, raising the possibility that these patients may have very high levels of nitrite-derived mutagenic compounds in their gastric juice.

Isolation and characterization of an endo-beta-galactosidase from Bacteroides fragilis.

Six strains of Bacteroides fragilis were examined and all found to produce endo-beta-galactosidase, an enzyme that hydrolyses internal beta-galactosidic linkages of oligosaccharides belonging to the poly-N-acetyl-lactosamine series, with the common structure GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc/Glc. The enzyme was produced without the addition of an inducer such as keratan sulphate. It was purified 7000-fold from the culture supernatant and obtained with a yield 4-10-fold greater than from sources described previously.

Antibodies to Escherichia coli O antigens and the in-vitro bacteriostatic properties of human milk and its IgA.

Only a very small part of the iron-reversed bacteriostatic activity of milk against Escherichia coli, demonstrable in vitro, is due to its anti-O antibody. Most of its growth-inhibitory activity is due to another lactoferrin-dependent, non-specific system. IgA prepared from milk is bacteriostatic for E.

Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. VI. The in-vitro bacteriostatic property of Gambian mothers' breast milk in relation to the in-vivo protection of their infants against diarrhoeal disease.

A one-year field-study has been carried out in a diarrhoea-endemic area in West Africa to determine the relationship between the bacteriostatic activity of fresh human milk for Escherichia coli in vitro and freedom from diarrhoea of the infant recipients of the milk. The specific contribution of E. coli gastroenteritis to gastrointestinal diseases of infants in general is not known, nor is its particular role in the Gambian infants studied.

Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. V. The bacteriostatic properties of milk of West African mothers in the Gambia: in-vitro studies.

Bacteriostatic activity was measured in 244 specimens of milk collected during 1977 throughout lactation of up to one year from 78 mothers; the activity varied from very good to fair and only seven were inactive. There was a wider range of activity than was found previously in milk from English mothers. Activity usually fell slowly during lactation but some of the Gambian mothers produced milk of very high activity, like that of colostrum into the second week of lactation, and two mothers did so at six and nine months; other mothers produced good-activity milk throughout lactation.

Differences in inhibition of the growth of commensal and enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli by lactotransferrin and secretory immunoglobulin A isolated from human milk.

Immunoglobulins from bovine and human colostrum and milk and lactotransferrin (LTF) from human milk were investigated for bacteriostatic activity against Escherichia coli growing in a tissue culture medium. When tested separately, LTF or secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) from pooled human milk showed only slight bacteriostatic activity against human commensal or enteropathogenic strains of E. coli.

The effect of freezing and pasteurizing bovine milk on its ability to protect neonatal guinea-pigs against colonization of the small intestine by Escherichia coli.

The ability of frequent feeding of bovine milk diets to prevent the colonization of the small intestines of newborn guinea-pigs with orally inoculated Escherichia coli was tested. At 3--4 days small intestinal samples from suckled controls were frequently sterile or were colonized with only very low numbers of Esch. coli.

Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. IV. The bacteriostatic antibody of human milk.

Bacteriostatic activity for milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains of Escherichia coli is reduced when IgA is removed from milk by precipitation. Lysozyme is not involved in bacteriostasis and can be removed without loss of activity; heavy bentonite absorption however removes some lactoferrin causing partial loss of activity. The heat-labile antigen eliciting bacteriostatic antibody for E.

Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. III. The activity and stability of early, transitional and mature human milk collected locally.

Milk from 150 local mothers has been assayed for bacteriostatic activity for milk-sensitive and milk-resistant indicator strains of Escherichia coli. Activity is greatest in colostrum which is active directly against all strains of E. coli.

Bacteriostasis of a milk-sensitive strain of Escherichia coli by immunoglobulins and iron-binding proteins in association.

The growth of a milk-sensitive strain of in 1% peptone water can be inhibited for at least 3 h by IgA isolated from human milk or IgG from bovine colostrum acting with native iron-binding proteins from milk or serum. The immunoglobulins alone are inactive; the native iron-binding proteins alone are sometimes partially active. All this activity is inconsistent and not always enhanced by the addition of bicarbonate ions.

Stimulation of the development of bacteriostatic activity of guinea-pig milk against Escherichia coli.

The bacteriostatic activity of guinea-pig milk against various strains of Escherichia coli has been examined. Milk collected from sows suckling normal young was usually inactive, but the activity of milk from sows suckling young which had been orally infected with Esch. coli was significantly increased.

Undescribed toxin in pseudomembranous colitis.

A girl aged 12 developed pseudomembranous colitis after a short course of oral penicillin. She had no history of adverse reaction to penicillin before or after the illness. No pathogenic bacteria, mycoplasmas, or viruses were found in her faeces, but they did contain a toxin.

Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk. II. Effect of bicarbonate and transferrin on the activity of infant feeds.

Fresh human and bovine milk are bacteriostatic in vitro for only some (milk-sensitive) strains of E. coli. The addition of bicarbonate to the test system potentiates the bacteriostasis so that otherwise milk-resistant strains are inhibited.