Ochratoxin A induces hepatic and renal toxicity in mice through increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and multiple cell death mechanisms.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread food toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and other molds. In this study, we developed and established acute OTA toxicity conditions in mice, which received daily oral doses of OTA between 0.5 up to 8 mg/kg body weight up to 7 days and were subjected to histological and biochemical analysis to characterize renal and hepatic damage.

Practical Strategies to Reduce Ochratoxin A in Foods.

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent nephrotoxin, is one of the most deleterious mycotoxins, with its prevalence in agricultural crops and their processed foods around the world. OTA is a major concern to food safety, as OTA exposure through dietary intake may lead to a significant level of accumulation in the body as a result of its long half-life (about 35 days). Its potent renal toxicity and high risk of exposure as well as the difficulty in controlling environmental factors OTA production has prompted the need for timely information on practical strategies for the food industry to effectively manage OTA contamination during food processing.

Protective Effect of alpha-Tocopherol Against Ochratoxin A in Kidney Cell Line HK-2.

Food safety is a top priority for the protection of infants and young children. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is an emerging concern due to its high toxicity and occurrence in a wide range of agricultural crops and their derived food products including those foods and snacks destined for infants and young children. OTA is considered as a possible human carcinogen, and its main target organ is the kidney.

High-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detector and fluorescence detector for hydrogen peroxide analysis in processed fishery foods.

Hydrogen peroxide (HO) is a food additive for bleaching and sterilization, owing to its strong oxidizing effect. The current study aimed to develop analytical methods to detect trace amounts of residual HO in diverse foods using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with diode array detector (DAD) or fluorescence detector (FLD). The vanadium(V)-peroxo complex, derived from the reaction of HO with ammonium metavanadate, was used for the detection of HO with DAD.

Human Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells (HK-2) as a Sensitive In Vitro System for Ochratoxin A Induced Oxidative Stress.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that is potentially carcinogenic to humans. Although its mechanism remains unclear, oxidative stress has been recognized as a plausible cause for the potent renal carcinogenicity observed in experimental animals. The effect of OTA on oxidative stress parameters in two cell lines of LLC-PK1 and HK-2 derived from the kidneys of pig and human, respectively, were investigated and compared.

Ochratoxin A Induces Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells by Impairing the Gene Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin frequently found in raw and processed foods. While it is considered a possible human carcinogen, the mechanism of action remains unclear. OTA has been shown to be hepatotoxic in both in vitro and in vivo models and oxidative stress may be one of the factors contributing to its toxicity.

Reduction of Ochratoxin A during the Preparation of Porridge with Sodium Bicarbonate and Fructose.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potential human carcinogen that poses a significant concern in food safety and public health. OTA has been found in a wide variety of agricultural commodities, including cereal grains. This study investigated the reduction of OTA during the preparation of rice- and oat-based porridge by a simulated indirect steam process.

Ochratoxin A and its reaction products affected by sugars during heat processing.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxin produced by many species in two fungal genera of Aspergillus and Penicillium under virtually all agricultural environments. Hence, OTA occurs frequently in agricultural commodities and their downstream products worldwide. In this study, thermal stability of OTA in the presence of sugars commonly added to food products including glucose, fructose, and sucrose was investigated by analyzing their reaction products with HPLC-FLD and LC-MS/MS.

New Analytical Approach for The Determination of Calcium Phosphate Dibasic and Tribasic in Processed Food by Comparison of Ion Chromatography With High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

An analytical method to measure solubilized orthophosphate ions (HPO and PO ) from the water-insoluble food additives calcium phosphate dibasic (DCP) and calcium phosphate tribasic (TCP) in processed foods was optimized by comparing ion chromatography (IC) coupled with DS6 conductivity detector (Cond.) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with Evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) methods. The ion-pairing HPLC method could analyze calcium and phosphate ions successively.

Ochratoxin A-Induced Hepatotoxicity through Phase I and Phase II Reactions Regulated by AhR in Liver Cells.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread mycotoxin produced by several species of the genera and . OTA exists in a variety of foods, including rice, oats, and coffee and is hepatotoxic, with a similar mode of action as aflatoxin B1. The precise mechanism of cytotoxicity is not yet known, but oxidative damage is suspected to contribute to its cytotoxic effects.

Utility of a Multilevel Modeling Approach to Investigate Differences in Isolation Frequency of in Agricultural Soil Across the Inland Pacific Northwest.

The plant pathogen represents an inoculum source capable of contaminating grains with deoxynivalenol in the Inland Northwest region of the United States. A multilevel modeling approach utilizing varying intercepts for different sampling quadrats, fields, and iterations in the dataset was performed to characterize differences in isolation frequency of collected during a 2-year soil survey. Differences in the isolation frequency of varied the most by sampled field followed by quadrat and iteration, respectively.

Probabilistic risk model of norovirus transmission during handling and preparation of fresh produce in school foodservice operations.

Human noroviruses (NoV) are recognized worldwide as important pathogens and the primary cause of foodborne disease outbreaks from contaminated food in the U.S. They are often transmitted by infected food handlers manipulating foods during preparation, such as fresh fruits and vegetables.

Renal toxicity through AhR, PXR, and Nrf2 signaling pathway activation of ochratoxin A-induced oxidative stress in kidney cells.

Because ochratoxin A (OTA) is widely found in foods, people are susceptible to OTA exposure. The mechanism leading to renal toxicity induced by OTA remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate OTA-induced toxicity in human proximal tubule HK-2 cells.

Reduction of Ochratoxin A in Oat Flakes by Twin-Screw Extrusion Processing.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most important mycotoxins owing to its widespread occurrence and toxicity, including nephrotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity to humans. OTA has been detected in a wide range of agricultural commodities, including cereal grains and their processed products. In particular, oat-based products show a higher incidence and level of contamination.

Summary of the ACS Symposium on Public Health Perspectives of Mycotoxins in Food.

A symposium entitled "Public Health Perspectives of Mycotoxins in Food" was held at the 251st American Chemical Society (ACS) Meeting in March 2016 in San Diego, CA, and was sponsored by the ACS Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. The purpose of the symposium was to convene the leading mycotoxin researchers throughout the world to discuss the current state of knowledge as well as research needs with respect to evaluating the toxicological properties of mycotoxins and ways to detect, control, and reduce human and animal exposure to these natural toxins. A total of 23 presentations were delivered by speakers representing academic, government, and industrial institutions from North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Heat Stability of Ochratoxin A in an Aqueous Buffered Model System.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) represents one of the most widespread mycotoxins in agricultural commodities in the world and is considered a possible human carcinogen with its potent nephrotoxicity. OTA is stable under most food processing conditions; however, higher-temperature treatment may reduce OTA content in foods. Since OTA can be found in processed products destined for both human and animal consumption, factors affecting its stability or reduction during thermal processes were investigated here.

Reduction of Fumonisin Toxicity by Extrusion and Nixtamalization (Alkaline Cooking).

Fumonisins are mycotoxins found in corn. They are toxic to animals and cause cancer in rodents and neural tube defects in LM/Bc mice. Reducing their concentrations in corn-based foods is therefore desirable.

A risk assessment of dietary Ochratoxin a in the United States.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin (fungal toxin) found in multiple foodstuffs. Because OTA has been shown to cause kidney disease in multiple animal models, several governmental bodies around the world have set maximum allowable levels of OTA in different foods and beverages. In this study, we conducted the first exposure and risk assessment study of OTA for the United States' population.

Worldwide Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Food Products: Public Health Perspectives of Their Co-occurrence.

Cereal grains and their processed food products are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins. Among many, five major mycotoxins of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone are of significant public health concern as they can cause adverse effects in humans. Being airborne or soilborne, the cosmopolitan nature of mycotoxigenic fungi contribute to the worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins.

Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone reduces cross-reactions between antibodies and phenolic compounds in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of ochratoxin A.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a fungal metabolite and putative carcinogen which can contaminate a variety of foods such as cereals, wine, and nuts. Commercial ELISA kits are known to give false-positive results for OTA concentrations when phenolic compounds are present. Pistachios represent a food matrix rich in phenolic compounds potentially contaminated with OTA, and were used to model OTA cross-reactivity.

Adequate Hand Washing and Glove Use Are Necessary To Reduce Cross-Contamination from Hands with High Bacterial Loads.

Hand washing and glove use are the main methods for reducing bacterial cross-contamination from hands to ready-to-eat food in a food service setting. However, bacterial transfer from hands to gloves is poorly understood, as is the effect of different durations of soap rubbing on bacterial reduction. To assess bacterial transfer from hands to gloves and to compare bacterial transfer rates to food after different soap washing times and glove use, participants' hands were artificially contaminated with Enterobacter aerogenes B199A at ∼9 log CFU.

Advances in Mycotoxin Research: Public Health Perspectives.

Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone are of significant public health concern as they can cause serious adverse effects in different organs including the liver, kidney, and immune system in humans. These toxic secondary metabolites are produced by filamentous fungi mainly in the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. It is challenging to control the formation of mycotoxins due to the worldwide occurrence of these fungi in food and the environment.

Infestation and Quantification of Ochratoxigenic Fungi in Barley and Wheat Naturally Contaminated with Ochratoxin A.

Cereal grains are a significant source of ochratoxin A (OTA) in the human diet. Multiple ochratoxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. have been reported as contaminants on various cereal grains around the world, although relatively few species dominate in any given location.

Ultrasonic extraction with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of ochratoxin A in processed cereal products.

A rapid, simple, and reliable method using ultra-performance LC/MS/MS (UPLC/MS/MS) was developed for determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in processed cereal products. OTA was ultrasonically extracted from the sample with acetonitrile-water (80 + 20, v/v), and the extract was then injected into the UPLC/MS/MS system after filtration. The calibration curves had good linearity with coefficients of determination greater than 0.