Hybrid dark-field and attenuation contrast retrieval for laboratory-based X-ray tomography.

X-ray dark-field imaging highlights sample structures through contrast generated by sub-resolution features within the inspected volume. Quantifying dark-field signals generally involves multiple exposures for phase retrieval, separating contributions from scattering, refraction, and attenuation. Here, we introduce an approach for non-interferometric X-ray dark-field imaging that presents a single-parameter representation of the sample.

Associations of accelerometer-measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep with next-day cognitive performance in older adults: a micro-longitudinal study.

Background: Previous studies suggest short-term cognitive benefits of physical activity occurring minutes to hours after exercise. Whether these benefits persist the following day and the role of sleep is unclear. We examined associations of accelerometer-assessed physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep with next-day cognitive performance in older adults.

Breast Imaging: what women & healthcare professionals need to know.

Women in Radiology should be aware of the importance of early detection of breast cancer, the most common cancer in women. This knowledge is essential to advocate for high quality breast imaging for women, including themselves and their patients. The imaging modalities used in breast imaging have dramatically changed the way in which breast cancer may be diagnosed, and their use affects the stage at which it is diagnosed.

Dietary interventions in autism: a critical appraisal and commentary on the findings of a systematic review.

An estimated 1% of the global population is believed to be autistic. Clinical focus is often on interventions that target social functioning, sensory processing and communication. Dietary interventions are often explored as a means of targeting these core symptoms.

Research needs of higher specialist trainees in psychiatry in Ireland: mixed methods study.

Aims And Method: Higher specialist trainees (HSTs) in psychiatry in Ireland were recruited to complete a 21-item online questionnaire anonymously. Questions were designed to establish the research experience of HSTs in various years of training, identify perceived barriers to participation and generate potential strategies to overcome these barriers.

Results: Of 165 HSTs surveyed, 50 (30%) responded.

Survey of GP registrars' training experience and confidence in managing children and adolescents with mental health conditions in primary care.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess General Practitioner (GP) trainees' training experience, and confidence in assessing and managing children and adolescents with common mental health conditions in primary care in Ireland.

Methods: An online anonymous questionnaire was distributed to third and fourth year GP registrars enrolled in the Irish College of General Practitioners training schemes. The online questionnaire evaluated participants' training experiences and confidence levels in key areas of child and adolescent mental health in primary care.

CAPTURE-24: A large dataset of wrist-worn activity tracker data collected in the wild for human activity recognition.

Existing activity tracker datasets for human activity recognition are typically obtained by having participants perform predefined activities in an enclosed environment under supervision. This results in small datasets with a limited number of activities and heterogeneity, lacking the mixed and nuanced movements normally found in free-living scenarios. As such, models trained on laboratory-style datasets may not generalise out of sample.

Cross-disciplinary working between gynaecologists and mental healthcare professionals: a mixed-methods systematic review protocol.

Introduction: Reproductive hormone transitions (menstrual cycle, post partum and menopause) can trigger mental disorders in a subset of women. Gynaecological diseases, such as endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome, can also elevate the risk of mental illness. The link between psychiatrists and obstetricians is already well established in the peripartum period; however, the link between gynaecology and psychiatry is less so.

Daily steps are a predictor of, but perhaps not a modifiable risk factor for Parkinson's Disease: findings from the UK Biobank.

Importance: Higher physical activity levels have been suggested as a potential modifiable risk factor for lowering the risk of incident Parkinson's disease (PD). This study uses objective measures of physical activity to investigate the role of reverse causation in the observed association.

Objective: To investigate the association between accelerometer-derived daily step count and incident PD, and to assess the impact of reverse causation on this association.

Escaping the cohort of concern: in vitro experimental evidence supports non-mutagenicity of N-nitroso-hydrochlorothiazide.

In recent years, nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals have been subject to intense regulatory scrutiny, with nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities (NDSRIs) treated as cohort of concern impurities, regardless of predicted mutagenic potential. Here, we describe a case study of the NDSRI N-nitroso-hydrochlorothiazide (NO-HCTZ), which was positive in the bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test but is unstable under the test conditions, generating formaldehyde among other products. The mutagenic profile of NO-HCTZ was inconsistent with that expected of a mutagenic nitrosamine, exhibiting mutagenicity in the absence of metabolic activation, and instead aligned well with that of formaldehyde.

Digital health technologies to strengthen patient-centred outcome assessment in clinical trials in inflammatory arthritis.

Common to all inflammatory arthritides, namely rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, is a potential for reduced mobility that manifests through joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and ultimately joint damage. Across these conditions, consensus has been reached on the need to capture outcomes related to mobility, such as functional capacity and physical activity, as core domains in randomised controlled trials. Existing endpoints within these core domains rely wholly on self-reported questionnaires that capture patients' perceptions of their symptoms and activities.

High-angular-sensitivity X-ray phase-contrast microtomography of soft tissue through a two-directional beam-tracking synchrotron set-up.

Two-directional beam-tracking (2DBT) is a method for phase-contrast imaging and tomography that uses an intensity modulator to structure the X-ray beam into an array of independent circular beamlets that are resolved by a high-resolution detector. It features isotropic spatial resolution, provides two-dimensional phase sensitivity, and enables the three-dimensional reconstructions of the refractive index decrement, δ, and the attenuation coefficient, μ. In this work, the angular sensitivity and the spatial resolution of 2DBT images in a synchrotron-based implementation is reported.

Sleeping Beauty mRNA-LNP enables stable rAAV transgene expression in mouse and NHP hepatocytes and improves vector potency.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector gene delivery systems have demonstrated great promise in clinical trials but continue to face durability and dose-related challenges. Unlike rAAV gene therapy, integrating gene addition approaches can provide curative expression in mitotically active cells and pediatric populations. We explored a novel in vivo delivery approach based on an engineered transposase, Sleeping Beauty (SB100X), delivered as an mRNA within a lipid nanoparticle (LNP), in combination with an rAAV-delivered transposable transgene.

Stakeholder perceptions of and attitudes towards problematic polypharmacy and prescribing cascades: a qualitative study.

Introduction: Problematic polypharmacy is the prescribing of five or more medications potentially inappropriately. Unintentional prescribing cascades represent an under-researched aspect of problematic polypharmacy and occur when an adverse drug reaction (ADR) is misinterpreted as a new symptom resulting in the initiation of a new medication. The aim of this study was to elicit key stakeholders' perceptions of and attitudes towards problematic polypharmacy, with a focus on prescribing cascades.

Self-supervised learning of accelerometer data provides new insights for sleep and its association with mortality.

Sleep is essential to life. Accurate measurement and classification of sleep/wake and sleep stages is important in clinical studies for sleep disorder diagnoses and in the interpretation of data from consumer devices for monitoring physical and mental well-being. Existing non-polysomnography sleep classification techniques mainly rely on heuristic methods developed in relatively small cohorts.

Self-Supervised Machine Learning to Characterize Step Counts from Wrist-Worn Accelerometers in the UK Biobank.

Purpose: Step count is an intuitive measure of physical activity frequently quantified in health-related studies; however, accurate step counting is difficult in the free-living environment, with error routinely above 20% in wrist-worn devices against camera-annotated ground truth. This study aimed to describe the development and validation of step count derived from a wrist-worn accelerometer and assess its association with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in a large prospective cohort.

Methods: We developed and externally validated a self-supervised machine learning step detection model, trained on an open-source and step-annotated free-living dataset.