Impact of CYP2C19 Phenotype on Escitalopram Response in Geriatrics: Based on Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Clinical Observation.

Escitalopram is commonly prescribed for depressive and anxiety disorders in elderly patients, who often show variable drug responses and face higher risks of side effects due to age-related changes in organ function. The CYP2C19 polymorphism may further affect escitalopram pharmacokinetics in elderly patients, complicating dose optimization for this group. Previous pharmacogenetic studies examining the impact of CYP2C19 phenotype on escitalopram treatment outcomes have primarily focused on younger adults, leaving a gap in understanding its effects on the elderly.

Potential Inflammatory Markers Related to the Conversion to Alzheimer's Disease in Female Patients With Late-Life Depression.

Background: Inflammation has been postulated as a mediating factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. We investigated candidate inflammatory markers related to conversion to AD among patients with depression.

Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted with older women with depression who were at least 55 years of age, with a mean follow-up period of 5.

Network Structure of Depressive Symptomatology in Elderly with Cognitive Impairment.

: Patients with cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) frequently exhibit depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms can be evaluated with various measures and questionnaires. The geriatric depression scale (GDS) is a scale that can be used to measure symptoms in geriatric age.

Influence of antidepressant treatment on SLC6A4 methylation in Korean patients with major depression.

Genetic variation of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) has been suggested as potential mediator for antidepressant response in patients with depression. This study aimed to determine whether DNA methylation in SLC6A4 changes after antidepressant treatment and whether it affects treatment response in patients with depression. Overall, 221 Korean patients with depression completed 6 weeks of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) monotherapy.

Shared genetic architectures of subjective well-being in East Asian and European ancestry populations.

Subjective well-being (SWB) has been explored in European ancestral populations; however, whether the SWB genetic architecture is shared across populations remains unclear. We conducted a cross-population genome-wide association study for SWB using samples from Korean (n = 110,919) and European (n = 563,176) ancestries. Five ancestry-specific loci and twelve cross-ancestry significant genomic loci were identified.

Genome-wide association study of occupational attainment as a proxy for cognitive reserve.

Occupational attainment, which represents middle-age cognitive activities, is a known proxy marker of cognitive reserve for Alzheimer's disease. Previous genome-wide association studies have identified numerous genetic variants and revealed the genetic architecture of educational attainment, another marker of cognitive reserve. However, the genetic architecture and heritability for occupational attainment remain elusive.

Shared Genetic Background between Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

: Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia often share symptomatology. Psychotic symptoms are prevalent in patients with PD, and similar motor symptoms with extrapyramidal signs are frequently observed in antipsychotic-naïve patients with schizophrenia as well as premorbid families. However, few studies have examined the relationship between PD and schizophrenia.

5-HTTLPR-rs25531 and Antidepressant Treatment Outcomes in Korean Patients with Major Depression.

Introduction: Despite the ethnic differences in ( allele relates to better antidepressant response in Korean and Japanese people, while allele with better response in Caucasians), it is unclear whether and its high expression locus are interactively associated with antidepressant treatment outcome. We investigated the individual and interaction effects of these polymorphisms on antidepressant treatment outcomes in the Korean population.

Methods: A total of 464 Korean subjects with major depressive disorder completed 6 weeks of antidepressant monotherapy.

EEG measures for clinical research in major vascular cognitive impairment: recommendations by an expert panel.

Vascular contribution to cognitive impairment (VCI) and dementia is related to etiologies that may affect the neurophysiological mechanisms regulating brain arousal and generating electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. A multidisciplinary expert panel reviewed the clinical literature and reached consensus about the EEG measures consistently found as abnormal in VCI patients with dementia. As compared to cognitively unimpaired individuals, those VCI patients showed (1) smaller amplitude of resting state alpha (8-12 Hz) rhythms dominant in posterior regions; (2) widespread increases in amplitude of delta (< 4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) rhythms; and (3) delayed N200/P300 peak latencies in averaged event-related potentials, especially during the detection of auditory rare target stimuli requiring participants' responses in "oddball" paradigms.

Additive interaction of mid- to late-life depression and cerebrovascular disease on the risk of dementia: a nationwide population-based cohort study.

Background: Dementia is a progressive neurocognitive disease with a substantial social burden. No apparent breakthroughs in treatment options have emerged so far; thus, disease prevention is essential for at-risk populations. Depression and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) are independent risk factors for dementia, but no studies have examined their interaction effect on dementia risk.

Atypical Antipsychotics Augmentation in Patients with Depressive Disorder and Risk of Subsequent Dementia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.

Background: While atypical antipsychotic medications are widely used for treating depressive disorders, their long-term effects on the risk of subsequent dementia have not been studied adequately.

Objective: To investigate whether the risk of dementia differs according to the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs, and compare the effects of antipsychotic agents on dementia risk in individuals with late-life depressive disorders.

Methods: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the National Health Insurance Service-Senior Cohort of South Korea.

Alteration of transthyretin and thyroxine-binding globulin in major depressive disorder: multiple reaction monitoring-based proteomic analysis.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD), common mental disorder, lacks objective diagnostic and prognosis biomarkers. The objective of this study was to perform proteomic analysis to identify proteins with changed expression levels after antidepressant treatment and investigate differences in protein expression between MDD patients and healthy individuals.

Methods: A total of 111 proteins obtained from literature review were subjected to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based protein quantitation.

Associations between vascular risk factors and subsequent Alzheimer's disease in older adults.

Background: The clinical guidelines related to the primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have focused on the management of vascular risk factors. However, the link between vascular risk factors and AD in older adults remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the association between vascular risk factors and subsequent AD in 178,586 older adults (age ≥ 65 years).

Subjective cognitive decline and subsequent dementia: a nationwide cohort study of 579,710 people aged 66 years in South Korea.

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is a potential risk factor for dementia. We aimed to investigate the association between SCD and subsequent dementia in a nationwide population-based cohort in South Korea.

Methods: This cohort included 579,710 66-year-old adults who were followed for a total of 3,870,293 person-years (average 6.

Heritability estimates of individual psychological distress symptoms from genetic variation.

Background: Psychological distress symptoms are associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders and medical illness. Although psychological distress is influenced by environmental factors, such as socioeconomic status, lifetime events, or interpersonal relationships, substantial interindividual variation also exists. However, heritability and genetic determinants of distress are poorly understood.

Fast Feedback Inhibition of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Secretion by Endogenous Cortisol in Humans.

Background: Using high-frequency blood sampling, we demonstrate glucocorticoid fast feedback (FF) mediated by endogenous cortisol in 6 normal humans.

Methods: We stimulated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion by ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (oCRH) with the experimental paradigm in which a high-frequency blood sampling was designed for plasma ACTH and cortisol determinations.

Results: We saw previously unrecognized variability in the timing of key events such as onsets of ACTH and cortisol secretion, onset and offset of FF, and in FF duration.

Exposure to ambient fine particles and neuropsychiatric symptoms in cognitive disorder: A repeated measure analysis from the CREDOS (Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea) study.

There is a growing concern that air pollution, especially those particles <2.5 μm (PM), could increase the risk of cognitive impairment and mental disorders. However, the relationship between ambient PM and neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with cognitive impairment is still undetermined.

The association between inflammatory markers and general psychological distress symptoms.

Objective: This study explored the association between low-grade inflammation measured using multiple common inflammatory markers and general psychological distress symptoms.

Method: A total of 68,463 Korean adults were included. White blood cell counts with differential count, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin and rheumatoid factor were measured.

Risk Factors of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Patients with Alzheimer Disease: The Clinical Research of Dementia of South Korea Study.

Background: Few studies have evaluated risk factors for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia at the initial assessment for Alzheimer disease in large patient samples. In this study, the factors influencing Alzheimer disease were examined using the Clinical Research of Dementia of South Korea data.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using data of 1,128 patients with Alzheimer disease.

Differentially expressed genes related to major depressive disorder and antidepressant response: genome-wide gene expression analysis.

Treatment response to antidepressants is limited and varies among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). To discover genes and mechanisms related to the pathophysiology of MDD and antidepressant treatment response, we performed gene expression analyses using peripheral blood specimens from 38 MDD patients and 14 healthy individuals at baseline and at 6 weeks after the initiation of either selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or mirtazapine treatment. The results were compared with results from public microarray data.

Exposure to General Anesthesia and Risk of Dementia: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.

Background: There is a growing concern that general anesthesia could increase the risk of dementia. However, the relationship between anesthesia and subsequent dementia is still undetermined.

Objective: To determine whether the risk of dementia increases after exposure to general anesthesia.